Trouble in the Wind

One of the most serious and sinister aspects. .. is the new escalation in research, development, production and stockpiling of chemical and biological weapons.  

Yet it has been argued with both passion and some logic, that claims about the Soviet CW threat are unsubstantiated and even unjustified. According to one study published in the UK, it is in the undoubted reality of US chemical rearmament... above all that the present danger lies .  

Concern about CBW is not new, but it has become more acute in recent years. This concern has evoked a number of responses proposals and programmes for more modem weapons and defences, political signalling within NATO, as well as between NATO and the Warsaw Pact diplomatic moves towards a ban on chemical weapons and to get international condemnation of alleged use of CB weapons public support for and opposition to rearmament. Not all of these responses have been clear in their intention not all have been logical. Some have been driven by the need to placate pressure groups both within and outside the military establishments. Some have been aimed at meeting political rather than military objectives. 

Chemical weapons were employed extensively in the First World War and have been used on a number of occasions since then. The details of chemical warfare programmes are generally highly classified, but a considerable amount of information is available about the weapons themselves and about their strategic and military uses. Analysis of past events can show how chemical weapons were used and what military purpose they served. That in its turn can help us to reach a view on the role chemical weapons might now play in warfare. It also raises the question of defence against chemical weapons - how effective are modern defences, and how effective could they become Where does the balance lie between offence and defence in chemical warfare  

Efforts to ban chemical warfare predate the large scale use of chemical weapons. So far, these efforts have had only limited success in preventing the use of chemicals in war. This has led the international community repeatedly to attempt a more far-reaching ban on the possession of chemical weapons. The fact that it has taken so long to reach an internationally acceptable agreement suggests that for some countries the requirements of national security as perceived by institutions influential in decision-making have not been seen as compatible with the achievement of such a ban. This raises the question of whether a prohibition on the possession of chemical weapons is really attainable. 

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If you know you have low-boiling material in your compound, think about distilling it at atmospheric pressure first. If, say, half the liquid you want to vacuum distill is ethyl ether from an extraction, consider doing a simple distillation to get rid of the ether. Then the ether (or any other low-boiling compound) won t be around to cause trouble during the vacuum distillation. If you distill first at 1 atm, let the flask cool BEFORE you apply the vacuum. Otherwise your compound will fly all over and probably will wind up, undistilled and impure, in your receiving flask. 

Have a text that shows the coil to have the secondary winding connected at the primary - terminal instead of as shown makes more sense. Include reference to the 2nd repeat file maybe add that to p.3. Used a margin adjust from way back to set H V scale in Paint of. 45 instead of the default. 75 on all 4 wider effective drawing area. If you don t scale it there - will need to go to a copy shop adjust the outline to get the amounts as shown or will have trouble getting the chip pins in the drill pattern. Nothing else comes to mind. 

Adhesion, as in adhesive tape, is the tendency of different materials to stick together. Adhesion is a major factor responsible for surface waves in bodies of water. Although the physics is a complex trade-off involving many forces, waves begin by water sticking to the wind blowing past. The idea of pouring oil on troubled waters, often used as a metaphor for a... 

The study of surface films of the Langmuir type covers an extremely diverse group of phenomena. Measurements of film viscosity, diffusion on the surface, diffusion through the surface film, surface potentials, the spreading of monolayers, and chemical reactions in monolayers are just a few of the topics that have been studied. One interesting application is the use of long-chain alcohols to retard evaporation from reservoirs and thus conserve water. The phrase to pour oil on the troubled waters reflects the ability of a mono-molecular film to damp out ripples, apparently by distributing the force of the wind more evenly. There are also several different types of surface films only the simplest was discussed in this section. 

As the wind enconnters any bluff object, a wake will form on the lee side of the object. Due to the boundary layer effects and the increase in local velocity around the object, the pressure in the wake of the object must be less than that in the surrounding outer atmosphere. If the momentum of an emitted smoke plume is not large, the low pressure area can cause the plume to be sucked down behind the stack in the aerodynamic downwash. Up to one third of the stack height may be lost in this manner. To be assured that these troubles are avoided, the velocity of emission, Vg, of the plume should be greater than 1.5 times the maximum expected wind speed. 

Structures other than bridges are often subjects for potential Strouhal-Karman difficulties. These include high smokestacks and tall buildings. The St. Louis Arch (the Gateway to the West) was questioned from this point of view. Model tests and calculations performed by den Hartog at MIT revealed that the arch would be in trouble at wind velocities of 60 10 mph when the wind blows from due north or south 5°. As a matter of safety, the arch has been instrumented to monitor its vibration and people are not allowed to go up into the arch if the wind velocity exceeds 40 mph. 

Fortunately, many kinks aren t that hard to untangle. A hundred-foot extension cord that you didn t take the trouble to wind up properly is something you can straighten out with a little diligence and a few expletives. But others are more abstract. In our fledgling program, for example, one problem was the many variations in performance scores on different tests, scheduled inconsistently and after varying amounts of practice. 

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