Trivial names conversion

The structure (5) originally proposed by Ponomarev appeared to be confirmed by the conversion of dihydrooxonic acid to allantoin performed by Biltz and Giesler. Biltz and RobP showed later that oxonic acid is identical with allantoxanic acid obtained on oxidation of allantoin. Since that time both these trivial names are in usage. 

The intermediate which accumulated in the absence of NADPH was identified as 20,21-dehydroajmalicine (76) and given the trivial name ca-thenamine 167). It was labeled to the extent of 52% after feeding [2- C]tryptamine in the absence of NADPH, and reduction with NaBH4 afforded tetrahydroalstonine (75). Intermediacy in the enzymatic reaction was also established through conversion to the ajmalicine isomers with... 

Ideally, every organic substance should have a completely descriptive, systematic name to permit only one structural formula to be written for it. This ideal has been approached closely in some of the current nomenclature systems but, unfortunately, truly systematic nomenclature for very complicated compounds is often hopeless for conversational or routine scripto-rial purposes. As a result, we will at times resort to using (common) trivial names, especially if it is impractical to do otherwise. Clearly, the description 9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-l-cyclohexenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-J-ol has phonetic disadvantages as a handy name for vitamin A ... 

The International Union of Biochemistry has recommended that enzymes have three names, namely a systematic name, which shows the reaction being catalysed and the type of reaction based on the classification in Table A7.1, a recommended trivial name and a four figure Enzyme Commission code (EC code). Nearly all systematic and trivial enzyme names have the suffix -ase. Systematic names show, often in semi-chemical equation form, the conversion the enzyme promotes and the class of the enzyme. Trivial names are usually based on the function of the enzyme but may also include or be based on the name of the substrate. However, some trivial names in current use are historical and bear no relationship to the action of the enzyme or its substrate, for example, pepsin and trypsin are the names commonly used for two enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of proteins during digestion. The Enzyme Commission s code is unique for each enzyme. It is based on the classification in Table A7.1 but further subdivides each class of enzyme according to how it functions. The full code is... 

So far, we have talked a lot about compounds by name. Many of the names we ve used (palytoxin, muscone, brevetoxin...) are simple names given to complicated molecules without regard for the actual structure or function of the molecule—these three names, for example, are all derived from the name of the organism from which the compound was first extracted. They are known as trivial names, not because they are unimportant, but because they are used in everyday scientific conversation. 

Figure 3.6 shows 12 structures that may correspond to the abbreviation DPA. Six of them can be output by the ACD/Name to Structure software package, and six more were found by browsing the Internet. Note that even a specific context cannot guarantee an exact meaning. For example, both structures 3 and 8 were found in publications about coordination compounds. In general, chemical abbreviations are not unique and can rarely be distinguished from other trivial names except for the rather weak criterion that all letters are capitalized. We can conclude that conversion of any trivial name shorter than about five or six characters is not safe. A few rarer exceptions do exist, but this is a very short list. Examples include reserved abbreviations such as those for dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA. 

Owing to its equally high af nity for all a-and p-receptors, epinephrine does not permit selective activation of a particular receptor subtype. Like most catecholamines, it is also unsuitable for oral administration (cat-echole is a trivial name for o-hydroxyphe-nol). Norepinephrine differs from epinephrine by its high af nity for a-receptors and low af nity for p2-receptors. The converse holds true for the synthetic substance, isoproterenol (isoprenaline) (A). 

Starch blocker A trivial name for the class of drugs (mainly intestinal a-amylase inhibitors) that block dietary conversion of polysaccharides and sucrose to monosaccharides. Such drugs are used in diabetes management, status epilepticus See epilepsy, steady-state In relation to drug metabolism, when the rate of drug intake equals the rate of drug elimination, a steady-state concentration is achieved, stenosis Narrowing or contraction of a duct. 

They are known as trivial names, not because they are unimportant, but because they are used in everyday scientific conversation. 

In naming chemical compounds the systematic lUPAC system is increasingly used in educational establishments. However in many areas of chemistry, e.g. natural products, trivial names are still far more important, as indeed they are in the chemical industry. Again it is desirable to be bilingual. To assist in this trivial names are used in this book, but the lUPAC name is usually given in brackets afterwards. A reference table for the two systems of naming compounds is also provided at the front of the book. Since only trivial names are used in the index in this book, this conversion table should be used to obtain the trivial name from its systematic counterpart. 

As aids to understanding chemical names, an appendix gives a brief summary of chemical families, and the inner covers of the book cross-reference all systematic and trivial names used in the book. We aim to make conversions between names used in formal teaching and those used in industry easier. A second appendix contains suggestions for further reading and we hope that the index will be sufficiently full to allow quick and easy reference to any topic covered in the book. 

The importance of the use of trivial names in industry will be apparent from the examples given indeed, they are used throughout the book. This should not present any difficulty to readers who are conversant with systematic (lUPAC) names, since chemical structures are also usually given. 

Unfortunately, many natural coumarins have been assigned trivial names, mostly botanically derived. Although these can facilitate discussion, to a considerable extent they serve to confuse, especially since many of the endings (e,g, -ol, -one) are not at all consistent with structure. Thus umbelliferone (2) is a phenol while osthol (143) is the methyl ether of osthenol (142). Structurally closely related coumarins can have markedly different names aculeatin (249) is the epoxide of toddaculin (248), both of which occur in Toddalia aculeata, while conversely almost identical trivial names can be given to structurally quite dissimilar coumarins, e. g. ferudenol (339) and ferulenol (481). Not infrequently, the same coumarin isolated by different workers from different plant sources is given two or even three trivial names and even enantiomers are known with distinct trivial names, e.g. marmesin (103) and nodakenetin (104). 

Enzyme systems have been isolated from Escherichia coli and Aerobacter aerogenes which convert chorismic acid to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The enzyme from Aerobacter aerogenes requires magnesium and NAD" for activity and is strongly repressed by low concentrations of iron or cobalt . Omission of the pyridine nucleotide from the enzymic reaction mixture allowed the conversion of chorismic acid to an intermediate (44), which itself was converted to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid on the subsequent addition of The intermediate compoimd was isolated and identified as 5,6-dihydrocyclohexa-l,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid (44) for which the trivial name 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid was suggested The structure of the intermediate was established... 

Subsequently a further intermediate in the conversion of chorismic acid to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid was isolated and identified using enzyme extracts of Aerobacter aerogenes. The intermediate was identified as 2-hydroxy-3-(r-carboxyvinloxy)-2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid (40) and was given the trivial name isochorismic acid. The compound was converted enzymically to equimolar amounts of... 

Cadaverine (diaminopentane, DAP), a carbon-5 aliphatic metabolite, is a minor member of the biogenic polyamine family. It owes its trivial name to its first discovery in 1885 during systematic investigation of the putrefaction process of human cadavers [52]. In contrast to DAB, there is no efficient petrochemical production route available, which for a long time hampered its industrial application in the polymer industry. However, several bio-based production processes have meanwhile been developed for DAP production from renewable resources [6, 12, 15-17, 53]. Only recently, Cathay introduced the fully biobased polyamide PA5.10 Terryl , which entered the market in 2015. While the proprietary production process relies on biocatalytic conversion of the rather high-priced fine-chemical lysine, other attempts aim at a fully novo biosynthesis with streamlined cell factories for the direct fermentative production of DAP from cheap conventional fermentation feedstock. For establishing a one-step fermentation process for DAP, the industrial lysine producers E. coli and C. glutamicum were therefore the ideal metabolic chassis. 

One may also wish to impose an additional requirement on the connection, namely that it is translationally and rotationally invariant. This may seem to be a trivial requirement. However, a connection is conveniently defined in terms of atomic Cartesian displacements rather than in terms of a set of nonredundant internal coordinates. This implies that each molecular geometry may be described in an infinite number of translationally and rotationally equivalent ways. The corresponding connections may be different and therefore not translationally and rotationally invariant. In other words, the orbital basis is not necessarily uniquely determined by the internal coordinates when the connections are defined in terms of Cartesian coordinates. Conversely, a rotationally invariant connection picks up the same basis set regardless of how the rotation is carried out and so the basis is uniquely defined by the internal coordinates. [For a discussion of translationally and rotationally invariant connections, see Carlacci and Mclver (1986).]... 

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