Tritium technology

V. Malka, H.D. Rohrig, and R. Hecker. In Tritium Technology in Fission, Fusion, and Isotope Application, Proc. Conf., Dayton, OH (1980). 

Biersack, J. P. Fink, D. In "Proceedings of the International Conference on Radiation Effects and Tritium Technology for Fusion Reactors" Ed. USERDA CONF-750989 Gatlinburg, 1975c pp. II362-II371. 

Yario, W. R. Tritium inventory and release from core materials. Proc. ANS National Topical Meeting Tritium Technology in Fission, Fusion and Isotopic Applications, Dayton, Ohio, USA, 1980, p. 32-38... 

W.G. Perkins, W.J. Kass, L.C. Beavis, in "Radiation Effects and Tritium Technology for Fusion Reactors", USERDA Conf-750989, ed. by J.W. Watson and F.W. Wiffen (USERDA, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 1976) Vol. IV, 83. 

A. (Alex) Brennenstiihl worked for many years on corrosion problems of defense equipment in the Ministry of Defence in the United Kingdom. In 1981 he moved to Canada, but remained in the defense industry. In 1987 he joined the Corrosion and Tritium Technology Section of Ontario Hydro in Canada, after which his principal interest became concerned with corrosion of heat exchangers and steam generators. 

Decay products of the principal radionuclides used in tracer technology (see Table 1) are not themselves radioactive. Therefore, the primary decomposition events of isotopes in molecules labeled with only one radionuclide / molecule result in unlabeled impurities at a rate proportional to the half-life of the isotope. Eor and H, impurities arising from the decay process are in relatively small amounts. Eor the shorter half-life isotopes the relative amounts of these impurities caused by primary decomposition are larger, but usually not problematic because they are not radioactive and do not interfere with the application of the tracer compounds. Eor multilabeled tritiated compounds the rate of accumulation of labeled impurities owing to tritium decay can be significant. This increases with the number of radioactive atoms per molecule. 

T. Yamanishi and co-workers, Nippon Genshiryoku Eenkyusho, (1988) R. H. Sherman, "Fusion Technology," S econd National Topical Meeting on Tritium in Fission, Fusion, and Isotopic Applications, Apr. —May, 1985, Dayton, Ohio. 

It IS often stated that unclear fusion tvill produce no radioactive hazard, but this is not correct. The most likely fuels for a fusion reactor would be deuterium and radioactive tritium, which arc isotopes of hydrogen. Tritium is a gas, and in the event of a leak it could easily be released into the surrounding environment. The fusion of deuterium and tritium produces neutrons, which would also make the reactor building itself somewhat radioactive. However, the radioactivity produced in a fusion reactor would be much shorter-lived than that from a fission reactor. Although the thermonuclear weapons (that use nuclear fusion), first developed in the 1950s provided the impetus for tremendous worldwide research into nuclear fusion, the science and technology required to control a fusion reaction and develop a commercial fusion reactor are probably still decades away. 

The tritium work at Surrey has been generously funded over many years by EPSRC (previously SERC and at the beginning, SRC), the EU, NATO and the chemical industry. The task of writing the current chapter was undertaken as part of the EU sponsored DIO COST Program (Innovative Methods and Techniques for Chemical Transformations). We are also grateful to Dr Norman De ath (Radleys Discovery Technologies) for the loan of the RDT 24 place PTFE carousel reaction station. 

Hormone receptors for steroids were discovered in the early 1960s, when the technology to radioactively mark steroids became available. By obtaining tritium-labeled estradiol, Jensen could show the existence of an intracellular protein component that bound specifically to this hormone and that was called the estradiol receptor (ER). 

A radioactivity detector is used to measure radioactivity in the HPLC eluent, using a flow cell. The detection principle is based on liquid scintillation technology to detect phosphors caused by radiation, though a solid-state scintillator is often used around the flow cell [17,31]. This detector is very specific and can be extremely sensitive. It is often used for conducting experiments using tritium or C-14 radiolabeled compounds in toxicological, metabolic, or degradation studies. 

Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc. (NFS), developed the commercially available DeHg process for the low-temperature treatment of mercury-contaminated hazardous and mixed wastes. The technology uses a proprietary amalgamation process to convert mercury into a nonhazardous solid. The technology is now offered by Advanced Recovery Systems, Inc. The developer claims the technology can be used on sludges, hazardous and mixed wastes, and mercury-contaminated wastes containing tritium. 

TRITIUM. The radioactive isotope of hydrogen, with a mass number 3, is termed tntnim. it is one form of heavy hydrogen, the other form being deuterium. See also Nuclear Power Technology. 

DOE — Organics, PCBs, petroleum/fuel hydrocarbons, solvents, TCE, unspecified VOCs, and unspecified SVOCs are among the contaminants found. Metals cited most often include lead, beryllium, mercury, arsenic, and chromium. Radioactive contaminants are present at most installations the most frequently cited are uranium, tritium, thorium, and plutonium. In addition, mixed waste containing both radioactive and hazardous contaminants is of particular concern to the DOE because of the lack of an acceptable treatment technology. 

Klump, S., Kipfer, R., Cirpka, O.A. et al. (2006) Groundwater dynamics and arsenic mobilization in Bangladesh assessed using noble gases and tritium. Environmental Science and Technology, 40(1), 243-50. 

Sweet, C W. Murphy, C.E. (1981) Oxidation of molecular tritium by intact soils. Environmental Science Technology, 15,1485-7. 

Tritium deposition in pine trees and soil from atmospheric releases of molecular tritium. Environmental Science Technology, 18, 358-61. 

Vasaru, G. Sources of Tritium. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Nuclear Science and Technology in Iran, Shiraz, Iran, April 27-30, 2004 [CD-ROM] Conference Permanent Committee, Ed. Shiraz University Shiraz, Iran, 2004. 

C.H. Skinner, W. Blanchard, J.N. Brooks et al., Tritium experience in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, Proc. 20th Symp. on Fusion Technology, Marseille, Sept. 1-11, 1998, Vol. 1, p. 153... 

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