2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene toxic

Vasilyeva, G.K. Kreslavski, V.D. Oh, B.T. Shea, P.J. Potential of activated carhon to decrease 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene toxicity and accelerate soil decontamination. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2001, 20, 965-971. 

Siciliano SD et al., Assessment of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene toxicity in field soils by pollution induced community tolerance (PICT), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and seed germination assay, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 19, 2154, 1999. 

Jiang QG, Sun JG, Qin XF. 1991. The effects of trinitrotoluene toxicity on zinc and copper metabolism. Toxicol Lett 55(3) 343-349. 

Toxic Effects on the Blood-Forming Tissues Reduced formation of erythrocytes and other elements of blood is an indication of damage to the bone marrow. Chemical compounds toxic to the bone marrow may cause pancytopenia, in which the levels of all elements of blood are reduced. Ionizing radiation, benzene, lindane, chlordane, arsenic, chloramphenicol, trinitrotoluene, gold salts, and phenylbutazone all induce pancytopenia. If the damage to the bone marrow is so severe that the production of blood elements is totally inhibited, the disease state is termed aplastic anemia. In the occupational environment, high concentrations of benzene can cause aplastic anemia. 

TACOM TBA TCLP THC TNB TNBA TNT TOC TRBP TW-SCWO Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command tributylamine toxicity characteristic leaching procedure total hydrocarbons trinitrobenzene trinitrobenzoic acid trinitrotoluene (an energetic material) total organic carbon thermal reduction batch processor transpiring-wall supercritical water oxidation... 

This includes bioremediation cases of contaminated sites with several toxic and carcinogenic pollutants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons, PAHs, dichlorobenzene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride, Dicamba, methyl bromide, trinitrotoluene, silicon-based organic compounds, dioxins, alkyl-phenol polyethoxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and polychlorinated biphenyls. The following is a brief summary of each case. 

In addition to erythrocytes, blood contains white blood cells, called leukocytes, of several types, and platelets, also called thrombocytes, which control blood clotting. Hematopoiesis (from the Greek, haimo, for blood, and poiein for to make ) is the process by which the elements of the blood are formed. The marrow of bone contains so-called stem cells which are immature predecessors of these three types of blood cells. Chemicals that are toxic to bone marrow can lead to anemia (decreased levels of erythrocytes), leukopenia (decreased numbers of leukocytes), or thrombocytopenia. Pancytopenia, a severe form of poisoning, refers to the reduction in circulatory levels of all three elements of the blood. One or more of these conditions can result from sufficiently intense exposure to chemicals such as benzene, arsenic, the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT), gold, certain drugs, and ionizing radiation. Health consequences can range... 

Saka, M. Developmental toxicity of p.p -dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, their metabolites, and benzo[a]pyrene in Ae/ opus7aewsembryos. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23(4) 1065-1073, 2004. 

Hathaway J A Subclinical effects of trinitrotoluene A review of epidemiology studies. In Richert DE (ed) Toxicity of Nitroaromatic Compounds, pp 255-274. New York, Hemisphere Publishing, 1985... 

Explosives and related compounds have become widely recognized as serious environmental contaminants. Among the nitrosubstituted aromatic compounds causing particular concern are 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid), and many nitro- and/or amino-substituted aromatics that result from the manufacture and transformation of explosives. The threat posed by the presence of these compounds in soil and water is the result of their toxicity and is compounded by their recalcitrance to biodegradation. 

Smock, L. A., Stoneburner, D. L. Clark, J. R. (1976). The toxic effects of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its primary degradation products on two species of algae and the fathead minnow. Water Research, 10, 537—43. 

Toluene is less toxic than benzene, but more dangerous than xylene with respect to its toxicity Trichlorethylene, often recommended for use in place of CC/4, is about half as toxic as is often used instead of it. Some persons even grow adicted to it (Refs 80b 110, p 84) Trinitrotoluene. Pb and Fe produce explosive substances with TNT in the presence of HN03. These can be ignited by heat, shock, friction, or contact with concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids (Ref 85a)... 

Oettingen et al, Experimental Studies on the Toxicity and Potential Dangers of Trinitrotoluene (TNT) , PubHealthBull No 285, US Public Health Service (1944) 4) M. Barsotti G. 

Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, as Amended by Clean Water Act of 1977 , Environment Reporter, Fed Laws 71 (Dec 8,1978), 5101 ff 41) D.H.W. Liu et al, Toxicity of TNT Waste-waters to Aquatic Organisms. Vol I. Acute Toxicity of LAP Wastewater and 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene , Final Rept, Contract DAMD 17-75-C-5056, SRI International, Menlo Park, Ca (1978) 42) H.V. Ellis et al, Mammalian... 

Solid trinitrotoluene (TNT) has been widely used as a military explosive. TNT is moderately to very toxic and has caused toxic hepatitis or aplastic anemia in exposed individuals, a few of whom have died from its toxic effects. It belongs to the general class of nitro compounds characterized by the presence of -N02 groups bonded to a hydrocarbon structure. 

Of all nitro derivatives of toluene, trinitrotoluene is the most important as an explosive. It is by the most often used high explosive among those derived from aromatic compounds. It is popular because it is simple and relatively safe to manufacture, Mid has high explosive power, and above all because its high chemical stability and low sensitiveness to impact and friction make it safe to handle. In addition, its toxicity is low and thus it compares favourably in this respect with the nitro derivatives of benzene. 

There is a considerable diversity of opinion as to the toxicity of trinitrotoluene. In Germany the substance is considered to be completely or almost completely non-toxic, while in Great Britain it is regarded as a highly toxic material. The reason for these divergent views has not been fully explained. 

In the opinion of Koelsch [119], Curshmann [120], Van Diun [121], and others, pure a- trinitrotoluene is non-toxic. They consider that impurities present in TNT, such as dinitrobenzene Mid tetranitromethane, Me responsible for any toxic effects caused by TNT. According to Koelsch, idiosyncrasy manifested by poisoning symptoms, has heen met with... 

Compound II is highly toxic. It results in the formation of methaemoglobin. The presence of trinitrotoluene in the human body leads to an enhancement of the formation of glucuronic acid, which reacts with the alcohols V and VI to form the corresponding esters. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by inhalation and subcutaneous routes. Mildly toxic by ingestion. Experimental reproductive effects. A skin and eye irritant. It migrates to food from packaging materials. Can react violently with Al, P2O5, H2SO4, F2, Li, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fiimes of Na20. 

Tetranitromethane (TNM) is common byproduct resulting from the nitration of many organic substances. TNM is a toxic material. TNM is also an oxidizer that can form a powerful explosive when mixed with combustible organic materials such as benzene, nitrobenzene, toluene, etc. For example, the presence of TNM has been held responsible for explosions in trinitrotoluene (TNT) manufacturing facilities. Guggenheim 1996... 

---