2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene explosive

Equation (7.4.3) was developed from data on tlie liigh explosive, trinitrotoluene (TNT). 

In addition to erythrocytes, blood contains white blood cells, called leukocytes, of several types, and platelets, also called thrombocytes, which control blood clotting. Hematopoiesis (from the Greek, haimo, for blood, and poiein for to make ) is the process by which the elements of the blood are formed. The marrow of bone contains so-called stem cells which are immature predecessors of these three types of blood cells. Chemicals that are toxic to bone marrow can lead to anemia (decreased levels of erythrocytes), leukopenia (decreased numbers of leukocytes), or thrombocytopenia. Pancytopenia, a severe form of poisoning, refers to the reduction in circulatory levels of all three elements of the blood. One or more of these conditions can result from sufficiently intense exposure to chemicals such as benzene, arsenic, the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT), gold, certain drugs, and ionizing radiation. Health consequences can range... 

DNB is often made first. Both 1,3-DNB and 1,3,5-TNB are formed as by-products when another explosive, trinitrotoluene (TNT), is made. 1,3-DNB is also used to make certain dyes, as an intermediate in the synthesis of organic chemicals, and in the plastics manufacturing industry. 1,3,5-TNB is used in making rubber. Other names for 1,3-DNB include m-dinitrobenzene,... 

Two other derivatives of toluene are the important explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) and the polyurethane monomer toluene diisocyanate (TDI). TNT requires complete nitration of toluene. TDI is derived from a mixture of dinitrotoluenes (usually 80% o,p and 20% o,o) by reduction to the diamine and reaction with phosgene to the diisocyanate. TDI is made into flexible foam polyurethanes for cushioning in furniture (35%), transportation (25%), carpet underlay (20%), and bedding (10%). A small amount is used in polyurethane coatings, rigid foams, and elastomers. 

Some nonionic organic compounds exhibit much stronger mineral surface affinities than we see for apolar and weakly monopolar compounds like chlorobenzenes and PAHs. In these cases, the organic sorbates are able to displace water from the mineral surface and participate in fairly strong sorbate sorbent intermolecular interactions. Example compounds include mtroaromatic compounds (NACs) such as the explosive, trinitrotoluene (TNT), or the herbicide, 2,4-dinitro-6-methyl-phenol, also called dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC). 

Figure 19-7 Scatchard plot for binding of antigen (X) to antibody (P). The antibody binds the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT). The antigen is a fluorescent analog of TNT. From the slope, the binding constant for the reaction P + X PX is K 4.0 > 109M 1. [Derived from Figure 4 of A. Bromberg and R. A. Mathies, "Homogeneous Immunoassay for Defection of TNT on a Capillary Electrophoresis Chip"Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 1188]...

Two other derivatives of toluene are the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) and the polyurethane monomer toluene diisocyanate (TDI). 

Toluene, the common name for methylbenzene, can be combined (both chemically and in making names for compounds ) with three nitro groups to give the famous explosive trinitrotoluene or TNT. 

The study of the factors which affect the rate of reaction has become more and more important with the continued great development of chemical industry. A modern method of manufacturing toluene, used for making the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) and for other purposes, may be quoted as an example. The substance methylcydo hexane, C-H14, occurs in large quantities in petroleum. At high... 

Aside from its use individually as an explosive, trinitrotoluene is often mixed with other ingredients. The most important of these blends, together with their analyses, are ... 

Figure 5 a. Structures of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing explosives trinitrotoluene (TNT), Her Majesty s Explosive (HMX) and picric acid. 

One application of toluene that consumes relatively small amounts of the compound but that is very important is in the production of the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT). TNT is a very desirable explosive because it detonates (explodes) only when shocked or heated to temperatures above 23o°C (450°F), but then releases very large amounts of energy. For many decades, TNT was one of the world s most widely... 

A very flexible way of getting new, simple names for compounds can be to combine a bit of systematic nomenclature with trivial nomenclature. Alanine is a simple amino acid that occurs in proteins. Add a phenyl group and you have phenylalanine, which is a more complex amino acid also in proteins. Toluene, the common name for methylbenzene, can be combined (both chemically and in making names for compounds ) with three nitro groups to give the famous explosive trinitrotoluene or TNT. 

This chapter describes an evanescent wave fiber optic biosensor and its application to immunoassays for rapid detection of bacterial cells and pollutants. Whole cells of Burkholderia cepacia G4 5223-PRl (G4) are of interest for their ability to degrade trichloroethylene (TCE) which is one of the most prevalent contaminants of ground water in the United States. The lower limit of detection of the G4 with this system is 10 - 10 cells/ml. In addition to TCE, the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a known contaminant of ground water. Limits of detection of TNT with this system is 10 ng/ml. 

Although Charles B. Mansfield, a disciple of August W.von Hofmann, detected the presence of toluene in coal tar in 1849, it found only limited application at first as a chemical raw material. However, this changed in World War I, when toluene was used in the production of the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT). Up to the turn of the century, coal tar and coke-oven benzole remained the only source of toluene, but during the World War I it was also produced by fractional distillation of aromatic crude oils from the Far East (e.g. Borneo, Java). 

A typical example of the substituent-director effect (regioselectivity) is the preparation of the well-known explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) by nitration of toluene. A methyl group is activating and directs the nitro substituents into the ortho and para positions. 

How many components should you use to produce an energetic mixture The ideal energetic material is a one-component system. The high explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) is an example of an ideal material—the pure compound is manufactured, melted at its low melting point of 81°C, and poured into containers to create explosive devices. Life could not be easier. 

Today, nitric acid is one of the 15 largest commodity chemicals with an armual world production of about 55 million tonnes (Uhde, 2005). Approximately 80% is used as an intermediate in the production of nitrogeneous fertilizers, primarily ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). The remainder (20%) goes into the production of various chemicals such as explosives [trinitrotoluene, C6H2(N02)3CH3] or of intermediates for polymers like caprolactam, adipic add (for polyamides), or dinitroto-luene (for polyurethane). 

In Table 1.2 impact sensitivity values of different azido compounds according to the BAM fall hammer procedure are listed and compared with the corresponding values of the well-known explosives trinitrotoluene (TNT) and nitroglycerine. For the BAM procedure it is necessary to have at least one positive event within a series of six trials (probability of at least 16.7%). In the case of the US drop hanuner tests (according to the Bruceton procedure) the required probabihty level is often 50% initiation within a series of at least 25 trials. 

Explosives—Trinitrotoluene (TNT), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), polymer-bonded explosive (PBXN), Research Department Explosive (RDX) compositions, explosive D, tetryl, fulminate of mercury, black powder, smokeless powder, flashless powder, and rocket and missile propellants. 

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