Trigeminal responses

Behavioral assessment of olfactory and trigeminal responsiveness of starlings Sturnus vulgaris to nine anthranilates. Chemical Senses 12,679. 

Sensations of irritation, pain and temperature, commonly referred to as trigeminal responses, are also experienced in the nose. Typically strong stimulants include CO2, menthol, ammonia and acids however, most odorants do have some chemesthetic component They have shorter response latencies than in the oral cavity, consistent with a shorter distance required to penetrate to the basal layer containing die nerve endings the stimulants also increase in intensity with repeated exposures (sniffs) (28), Irritants reduce the intensity of odorants the reverse is also true. The interaction is at the central processing level because an odorant presented in one nostril will be affected by an irritant given in the other nostril. 

Biomedical Relevance of Capsaicin-Induced Trigeminal Responses... 

Characteristic aroma components in foods and off-flavor substances in processed foods are called character impact compounds. It would be desirable to develop methods for finding such compounds with sensory methods because such information is useful in the food industry. A compilation of odor and taste threshold values was edited by Fazzalari (7). Olfactory-trigeminal response to odorants was measured using rabbits (2). However, aroma quality can be evaluated only by human sense. In spite of this fact, olfactory judgment by humans can not give constant data like... 

Lawless, H.T. Trigeminal Response Page, http //zingerone.foodsci.cor-nell.edu/trigeminal/1996. Accessed October 30, 2004. 

Tucker D. (1971). Non-olfactory responses from nasal cavity Jacobson s Organ and trigeminal system. In Handbook of Sensory Physiology Chemical Senses, 1. Olfaction (Biedler L., ed.). Springer, Berlin, pp. 151-181. 

Trigeminal nerve The fifth cranial nerve responsible for pain perception in the head and face. 

Feeding repellents for pest birds are the most important application of chemical stimuli to manipulate bird behavior. Methyl anthranilate (Fig. 13.1) and dimethyl anthranilate, esters of benzoic acid, are found in concord grapes and are used as artificial flavorings. Starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, have an aversion to methyl anthranilate, which irritates the trigeminal nerve, and they feed less on food flavored with a variety of anthranilates. They avoid the more volatile anthranilates most. The odor is partly responsible for the effect contact is not necessary. In one particular experiment, only volatile compounds were aversive (Mason and Clark, 1987). If only anthranilate-treated food is offered, the birds will accept more of the flavored food than they do if they offered a choice between... 

Non-olfactoiy responses from the nasal cavity Jacobson s organ and the trigeminal system. In Handiook of Sensory Physiology, vol. 4, ed. L. M. Beidler, pp. 151-181. Berlin Springer-Verlag. 

Considerable concern exists regarding the occurrence of idiosyncratic blood dyscrasias with carbamazepine, including fatal cases of aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis. Most of these have been in elderly patients with trigeminal neuralgia, and most have occurred within the first 4 months of treatment. The mild and persistent leukopenia seen in some patients is not necessarily an indication to stop treatment but requires careful monitoring. The most common idiosyncratic reaction is an erythematous skin rash other responses such as hepatic dysfunction are unusual. 

H., Mishina, M. Impairment of suckling response, trigeminal neuronal pattern formation, and hippocampal LTD in NMDA receptor s2 subunit mutant mice, Neuron 1996, 16, 333-344. 

Liang YC, Huang CC, Hsu KS, Takahashi T (2003) Cannabinoid-induced presynaptic inhibition at the primary afferent trigeminal synapse of juvenile rat brainstem slices. J Physiol 555 85-96 Litman RE, Su TP, Potter WZ, Hong WW, Pickar D (1996) Idazoxan and response to typical neuroleptics in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Comparison with the atypical neuroleptic, clozapine. Br J Psychiatr 168 571-9... 

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