Tribolium spp

Male-produced aggregation pheromones are also present in the Tribolium spp. of flour beetles (reviewed in Plarre and Vanderwel, 1999). Many species use 4,8-dimethyldecanal ( tribolure ), and the role of other compounds remains to be clarified. Thebiosynthesisof 4,8-dimethyldecanal has not been investigated, although it is suspected to be of isoprenoid origin (Vanderwel and Oehlschlager, 1987). 

Tribolure (T109), 4,8-dimethyldecanal, an important pheromone component in Tribolium spp. shows the same carbon skeleton as ferrulactone.770... 

The protozoans, Mattesia trogodermae and Nosema whitei, have been used against Trogoderma glabrum (Shapas et al., 1977) and Tribolium castaneum (Milner, 1972) respectively, while the fungus, Beauveria bassiana has been applied against Sitophilus spp. and Tribolium spp. (Thuy et al., 1995). 

Malek, M.A. and Parveen, B. (1996) Natural products for managing Tribolium spp. (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae). Agricultural Zoology Reviews 1, 217-246. 

Khoury et al., 1996 Locatelli et al., 1993, 2000). Pest infestation of dried fish leads to higher levels of uric acid and bacterial counts that are unacceptable to consumers and traders (Solanki, 1985). Toxicological studies revealed that excess levels of uric acid in the diet could induce hyperuricemia with associated nephropathy in rats (Starvic et al., 1969). Secretions from the adults of Tribolium spp. and Rhyzopertha dominica impart unacceptable off-odors to foodstuffs. Processing and end-use qualities of food commodities are also affected by insect infestation, as are cash value and marketability of different commodities. 

Insect pest infestation causes losses in quantity and quality of food commodities and changes in chemical composition, affecting the nutritive value of the produce (Howe, 1965 Scott, 1991 Swaminathan, 1977). Insect activity also leads to contamination of the produce (Table II). The flour beetles (Tribolium spp.) contaminate foodstuffs with their secretions, which contain 2-ethyl 1,4-benzoquinone and 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone. T. castaneum quinone secretions not only impart off-odors to food commodities but are also considered to cause liver and spleen tumors in mice (El-Mofty et al., 1992). However, Hodges et al. (1996) demonstrated that unlike in wheat flour, the accumulation of quinone secretions of T. castaneum adults in rice was negligible at less than 1 ppm, and hence, they claimed that T. castaneum infestation in rice is not likely to be a health risk. Males of R. dominica secrete aggregation pheromones (dominicalures) that contribute to the characteristic sweetish or musty odor in grain infested with R. dominica (Khorramshahi and Burkholder, 1981). However, Seitz and Sauer (1996)... 

Oilseeds and Oilcakes Araecerus fasciculatus Caryedon serratusa Elasmolomus soriddus Ephestia cautella Necrobia rufipes Oryzaephilus mercator O. surinamensis Tribolium spp. 

Hylemya spp. Fsila rosae Chilo suppressalis Myzus persieae Nephotettix einetieeps Tribolium oastaneum Spodoptera littoralis Cocoa Mirids Tetranychid mites Laspeyresia pomonella Leptinotarsa 10-lineata Adult Locusts Lucilia larvae adults Beetles in stored cereals... 

During an infestation by larvae of the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd) in the summer of 1978, it was noticed that shrubs of Physalis peruviana L. (cape gooseberry) were not attacked, whereas other Physalis and Nicandra spp. suffered heavy damage. Asher and co-workers demonstrated that withanolide E (118) and 4(3-hydroxywithanolide E (119), isolated from P. peruviana, as well as several related steroids, had insect antifeedant properties. Further studies on other withanolides showed antifeedant effects and species-specific activity on three insects, S. littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera), the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Muls. (Coleoptera) and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) [62]. 

Clove Syzygium spp. eugenol Sitophilus zeamais Tribolium castaneum [10]... 

Oexurs in beef, oakmoss oleoresin and Othona spp. Also a component of the defence secretion of the beetles Ade-lum percatum and A. postulosum. Sex pheromone of the beetle Tribolium confusum. Mp —2.8 . Bp 268.2 , Bpio 133-137 . 

Some essential oils develop a combined activity on the insects, for example, EOs of Ocimum spp. exhibited both a repellent and a larvicidal action [45]. Acorus calamus EO and its active ingredients, asarone and its analogues, were both antifeedant and potent growth inhibitors to the variegated cutworm Peridroma saucia (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) [46]. It has also been shown that some essential oils exert quite opposite effects on different insect species. As an example, the tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) EOs impacted in different ways the following three beetles it was attractive and paralyzing for Rhizoperta dominica, repulsive for Tribolium confusum, and toxic for Sitophilus americana [47]. 

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