Tribolium

Wheat flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) Grey weevil (Myllocerus sp.)... 

Ramos-Rodriguez O, Campbell JF, Ramaswamy SB. Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinemema riobrave against the stored-product insect pests Tribolium castaneum and Plodia interpunctella. Bio Cont. 2007 40 15-21. 

Although nine species of Tribolium are potential pests (Sokoloff, 1974), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (red flour beetle) and T. confusum (Jacquelin du Val) (confused flour beetle) (Tenebrionidae) are the most widespread and economically important species. Adult beetles are reddish-brown in color... 

FIG. 2 Contour map of the spatial distribution of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, pheromone trap captures in a flour mill (J.F. Campbell and R.T. Arbogast, unpublished data). 

Arthur, F.H. and Dowdy, A.K. 2003. Impact of high temperatures on efficacy of cyfluthrin and hydroprene applied to concrete to control Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). J. Stored Prod. Res. 39,193-204. Arthur, F.H. and Gillenwater, H.B. 1990. Evaluation of esfenvalerate aerosol for control of stored product insect pests. J. Entomol. Sci. 25, 261-267. 

Arthur, F.H. and Zettler, J.L. 1991. Malation resistance in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera tenebrionidae) Differences between discriminating concentrations by topical applications and residual mortality on treated surfaces. J. Econ. Entomol. 84, 721-726. 

Campbell, J.F. and Hagstrum, D.W. 2002. Patch exploitation by Tribolium castaneum Movement patterns, distribution, and oviposition. J. Stored Prod. Res. 38, 55-68. 

Campbell, J.F. and Runnion, C. 2003. Patch exploitation by female red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum. J. Insect Sci. 3, 20. http //www.insectscience.Org/3.20... 

Dowdy, A.K. 1999. Mortality of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae) exposed to high temperature and diatomaceous earth combination. J. Stored Prod. Res. 35, 175-182. 

Good, N.E. 1936. The flour beetles of the genus Tribolium . US Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 498. 

Hagstrum, D.W. and Gilbert, E.E. 1976. Emigration rate and age structure dynamics of Tribolium castaneum populations during growth phase of a colonization episode. Environ. Entomol. 5, 445-448. 

Khan, A.R. and Selman, B J. 1984. Effect of insecticide, microsporidian, and insecticide-microspor-idian doses on the growth of Tribolium castaneum larvae. J. Inveriebr. Pathol. 44, 230-232. 

Mullen, M.A. 1992. Development of a pheromone trap for monitoring Tribolium castaneum. J. Stored... 

Ogden, J.C. 1970. Aspects of dispersal in Tribolium flour beetles. Physiol. Zool. 43, 124—131. 

Phillips, T.W., Jiang, X.-L., Burkholder, W.E., Phillips, J.K., and Tran, H.Q. 1993. Behavioral responses to food volatiles by two species of stored-product Coleoptera, Sitophilus oryzae (Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Tenebrionidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 19, 723-734. 

Rabindra, R.J., Jayaraj, S., and Balasubramanian, M. 1988. Farinocystis iriholii induced susceptibility to some insecticides in Tribolium castaneum larvae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 52, 389-392. 

Ziegler, J.R. 1976. Evolution of the migration response Emigration by Tribolium and the influence of age. Evolution 30, 579-592. 

Ziegler, J.R. 1977a. Dispersal and reproduction in Tribolium. The influence of food level. Insect Physiol. 23, 955-960. 

Zyromska-Rudzka, H. 1966. Abundance and emigrations of Tribolium in a laboratory model. Ekol. Pol. [A] 14, 491-518. 

The male-produced sex pheromone of the red flour beetle, Tribolium cas-taneum>has been identified to be (4 ,81 -4,8-dimethyldecanal 164 (tribolure) [320,321]. During bioassays, a mixture of the (4R,8R) and (4.R,8S)-stereoisomers proved to be more active than the pure (4 ,810-enantiomer [322]. The exact enantiomeric composition of the natural product remains as yet unknown. 4,8-Dimethyldecanal was found in other Tribolium species, too [323]. Factors affecting the pheromone production in T castaneum have been described by Hussain et al. [324]. 

While the pheromones of Tenebrio and Tribolium originate from a mixed biosynthesis, those produced by males of the broad horned flour beetle, Gnatho-cerus cornutus, represent true terpenes. Initially, the configuration of this new pheromone had been erroneously proposed to be (IR,4R,5S) a-acoradiene [325] however, independent syntheses of pure stereoisomers [326,327] proved the correct structure to show (lS,4A,5A)-configuration 165. The scope of the synthesis is shown by Mori (see chapter by Mori in volume 1 and [15]). A minor component of the G. cornutus was reported to be a-cedren-14-al 166 [328]. 

In Australian tenebrionid beetles, defensive compounds and their patterns seem to be of only low chemotaxonomic value. However, the aforementioned aromatic compounds are restricted to the genus Tribolium. Abdominal defensive compounds were used as chemosystematic characters in order to construct a phylogenetic tree for the genus Tribolium [330]. The defensive secretion of adults of Tenebrio molitor was shown to contain toluquinone 7 and m-cresol 89 [333]. The quantification of benzoquinones in single individuals of Tribolium castaneum at different days after adult eclosion indicates that the amount of toxic quinone only shows a maximum subsequent to cuticle sclerotization. Obviously, there is a need for an adequate cuticular barrier for self-protection from these defensive compounds [334]. 

In order to determine whether the defensive compounds of hybrids of the two Tribolium- species T.freemani and T. castaneum represent simple mixtures of the parental phenotypes, different glandular samples were compared by GC-MS [335]. Concerning the qualitative and quantitative data of the quinones,... 

We also have studied insect repellent activity of some selected alkaloids (29 of them) against Tribolium casteneum adults [16], Table 4.1 shows the results, venu-luson (7) and hetisine (8) were found to be the most active alkaloids. 

Tests using helminth infections in a variety of laboratory animals soon revealed that the avermectins had activity against a variety of nematodes but lacked activity toward cestodes and trema-todes. During the course of testing in a number of other assays, they were found active against the flour beetle, Tribolium confusum (14). This activity against arthropods was confirmed in mice infected with larvae of the bot fly, Cuterebra fontinella. 

Pellitorine (4) has long been known for its toxicity when topically applied to adults of the beetle, Tenebrio molitor We found that 10 pg doses of topically applied pellitorine caused a paralytic action on adults of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum (unpublished data). However, all of the affected beetles recovered within 24 hrs posttreatment. Similar topical applications of up to 20 pg/beetle of fagaramide (2.), piperlongumine ( ), and N-isobutyl-2E,4E-octadienamide ( ) proved ineffective. 

The well known aldehyde, 4,8-dimethyldecanal, was shown to be a common pheromone of five Tribolium flour beetle species, 77 castaneum, 77 confusum, 77 freemani, and 77 madens. Two other volatiles were found 1 -pentadecene was shown to be a common semiochemical of flour beetles and 1,6-pentadecadiene was detected in five species, T.audax, 77 brevicomis, 77 destructor, T.freemani and 77 madens ... 

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