Treatment insulin-like growth factors

Pegvisomant is indicated for patients who do not tolerate or fail other treatments or for those with extremely elevated insulin-like growth factor I levels. 

There are several alternative pathways associated with the balance between proliferation and apoptosis that are affected by lycopene treatment, especially the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway. Another is the possibility that lycopene or one of its breakdown products has retinoid activity. Kotake-Nara et al. compared acyclo-retinoic acid, an in vitro oxidation product of lycopene, to four actively researched anticarcinogenic retinoids. Acycloretinoic acid was found to more actively reduce PC-3 and DU-145 cell viabilities (but not LNCaP) through apoptosis in a medium already containing small amounts of natural retinoids. But study concentrations were 20 pM, far above physiologically relevant lycopene concentrations, let alone the smaller concentration of one of its breakdown products. Acycloretinoic acid had a very low affinity for the retinoid X receptors (RXR) and retinoic acid receptors (RAR) receptors (Kotake-Nara et al. 2002). 

The anabolic effects of somatropin are mediated by somatomedins or insulin-like growth factors. Somatropin is a synthetic polypeptide identical to the natural occurring growth hormone which stimulates longitudinal growth. Only preparations made with recombinant DNA technology are used nowadays. They can consist of 191 amino acids as growth hormone itself or 192 amino acids with one extra methionine. Somatropin is employed in the treatment... 

A small number of children with growth failure have severe IGF-1 deficiency that is not responsive to exogenous GH. Causes include mutations in the GH receptor and development of neutralizing antibodies to GH. In 2005, the FDA approved mecasermin for treatment of severe IGF-1 deficiency that is not responsive to GH. Mecasermin is a complex of recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1) and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (rhIGFBP-3). 

Roy RN, Gerulath AH, Cecutti A, Bhavnani BR. Effect of tamoxifen treatment on the endometrial expression of human insulin-like growth factors and their receptor mRNAs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2000 165(l-2) 173-8. 

The effects of treatment with selegiline, an MAO-B inhibitor, on plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) (as indicator of GH secretion), levels of monoamines and their metabolites, and the activity and content of tyrosine hydroxylase — the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of catecholamines — in the hypothalamus and hypophysis of old animals have been studied. It is believed that the antiaging effects of selegiline are due to restoration of hypothalamic hormones. 

Nguyen TT, Cao N, Short JL, White PJ. 2006. Intravenous insulin-like growth factor-I receptor antisense treatment reduces angiotensin receptor expression and function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318 1171-1177. 

Lam, X. M.,Duenas,E.T., Daugherty, A. L., Levin,N., and Cleland, J. L. (2000), Sustained release of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I for treatment of diabetes. I. Controlled Release, 67,281-292. 

Pharmacologic therapy for acromegaly should be considered when surgery and irradiation are contraindicated, when rapid control of symptoms is needed, or when other treatments have failed to normalize growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) concentrations. 

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