Treatment for acute

Treatment for acute exposure to benzene vapor involves removing the subject from the affected area, followed by artificial respiration with oxygen intubation and cardiac monitors may be necessary for severe acute exposures (125,127). Because of its low surface tension, benzene poses a significant aspiration hazard if the liquid enters the lungs. Emesis is indicated in alert patients if more than 1 mL of benzene per kg of body weight has been ingested and less than two hours have passed between ingestion and treatment (127). 

In low doses, inhaled NO may have a beneficial therapeutic effect, since NO in the inspired air leads to pulmonary vasodilation. In persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, NO inhalation has already been used with some success. NO inhalation as the treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome, however, has been disappointing. Only transient improvements of oxygenation were detected and the outcome of placebo-controlled trials did not show any improvement... 

The clinical role of permeability imaging has yet to be assessed by a large clinical trial, but these techniques continue to hold promise for the future, as intracranial hemorrhage is the most significant potential complication of what is currently the only FDA-approved treatment for acute stroke. 

Stroke is the leading cause of major long-term disability in adults and the third leading cause of death in the United States. On average, a new stroke occurs every 45 seconds. Thrombolytic therapy with intravenous recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (IV rt-PA) is the most effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke. In this chapter, we review the rationale for thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke, clinical evidence supporting the use of thrombolytics, and the application of thrombolysis in practice. 

Caplan LR, Mohr JP, Kistler JP, Koroshetz W. Should thromboljdic therapy be the first-line treatment for acute ischemic stroke Thrombolysis—not a panacea for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1997 337 1309-1310 [discussion 1313]. 

Ueda T, Hatakeyama T, Kohno K, Kumon Y, Sakaki S. Endovascular treatment for acute thrombotic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery local intra-arterial thrombolysis combined with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Neuroradiology 1997 39 99-104. 

Camerlingo M, Salvi P, Belloni G, Gamba T, Mario Cesana B, Mamoli A. Intravenous heparin started within the first 3 hours after onset of symptoms as a treatment for acute nonlacunar hemispheric cerebral infarctions. Stroke 2005 36 2415-2420. 

The goals of treatment for acute pancreatitis include (1) resolution of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever (2) ability to tolerate oral intake (3) normalization of serum amylase, lipase, and white blood cell count and (4) resolution of abscess, pseudocyst, or fluid collection as measured by CT scan. 

There is no specific pharmacologic treatment for acute viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, or E only supportive care is available. 

Managing viral hepatitis involves both prevention and treatment. Prevention of hepatitis A and B (and indirectly for hepatitis D) can be achieved with immune globulin or vaccines. There is no specific pharmacologic treatment for acute viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, or E only supportive care is available. Individuals with mild to moderate symptoms rarely require hospitalization. Occasionally, hospitalization is required in individuals experiencing significant nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and encephalopathy. Liver transplantation may be required in rare instances if fulminant hepatitis develops. 

Antimicrobial therapy alone is the mainstay of treatment for acute osteomyelitis.7 12 In comparison, treatment for chronic osteomyelitis typically requires a combination of antimicrobial therapy and surgical intervention.3 6 14 15 If the patient is not a candidate for surgical intervention, prolonged antimicrobial therapy is generally necessary.6,10,16... 

If immunocompromised patients experience frequent or severe recurrences, particularly of esophageal candidiasis, chronic maintenance therapy with fluconazole 100 to 200 mg daily should be considered. In patients with infrequent or mild cases, secondary prophylaxis is not recommended. The rationale for not giving prophylaxis includes availability of effective treatments for acute episodes, risk of developing resistant organisms, potential for drug interactions, and the cost of therapy. 

Corticosteroids Adjunctive treatment for acute or delayed NAV Dexamethasone 12 mg IV or PO on day 1 8 mg IV or PO daily on days 2-4 2-4 hours biologic half-life of 36-54 hours... 

The initial treatment for acute leukemias is called induction. The purpose of induction is to induce a remission, a lack of identifiable leukemic cells in the bone marrow or peripheral blood with light microscopy. This definition may change as more sensitive techniques come into play. 

Wang, G., Cai, Z. J., Wang, L. F. ex al. (2004). A multicenter study of risperidone treatment for acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Chinese Psychiatry, 37(2), 88-91. 

Combination Treatment for Acute Depression Is Superior Only When Psychotherapy Is Added to Medication , Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 76 (2007) 289-97... 

Lennard L, Gibson BES, Nicole T, Lilleyman JS. Congenital thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency and 6-mer-captopurine toxicity during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Arch Dis Child 1993 69 577-579. 

De Castro R, Domenichelli V, Di Lorenzo FP, Prestipino M, Perotta ML Rifaximin treatment for acute recurrent diarrhea in children with genitourinary disorders. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1999 59 746-752. 

The goals of treatment for acute stroke are to (1) reduce the ongoing neurologic injury and decrease mortality and long-term disability (2) prevent complications secondary to immobility and neurologic dysfunction and (3) prevent stroke recurrence. 

Amoxicillin is first-line treatment for acute bacterial sinusitis. It is cost effective in acute uncomplicated disease, and initial use of newer broad-spectrum agents is not justified. The approach to treating acute bacterial sinusitis is given in Table 44-9. Dosing guidelines are given in Table 44-10. 

Consider, for example, the drug 6-mercaptopurine, one of the mainstays of treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a common type of childhood cancer (Rioux, 2000). Researchers have discovered that the reason some... 

The URDP/PNP/Ara-U process is used to manufacture nelarabine, a water-soluble prodrug of 9-p-D-arabinofuranosylguanidine produced as a treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Scheme 1.29). The two-enzyme process is run at 200 g... 

Bl5dhe, D., Mannitol treatment for acute and chronic ciguatera fish poisoning, Mem. Queensland Mus., 34, 65, 1994. 

Antipsychotic drugs, such as flupentixol and haloperidol are the mainstay of treatment for acute attacks of mania. Lithium is not indicated as it may take a few days before the drug exerts an effect. Lithium may be given concomitantly with an antipsychotic drug. 

Maintenance/Extended treatment -Treatment for acute episodes of depression should continue for several months or longer. 

Maintenance/Continuation/Extended treatment There is no evidence to indicate how long the depressed patient should be treated with nefazodone. However, it is generally agreed that pharmacologic treatment for acute episodes of depression should continue for at least 6 months. Whether the dose of antidepressant needed to induce remission is identical to the dose needed to maintain euthymia is unknown. In clinical trials, more than 250 patients were treated for at least 1 year. Switching to or from a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOi) At least 14 days should elapse between discontinuation of an MAOI and initiation of therapy with nefazodone. In addition, wait at least 7 days after stopping nefazodone before starting an MAOI. 

There are no specific treatments for acute viral hepatitis and management is essentially supportive. Immuno-prevention is considered elsewhere. 

The staging and drug treatment for acute severe asthma has changed over the past three decades, comprising primarily of bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and oxygen. A summary flow chart for the... 

Valproate, a simple branched-chain fatty acid, was first reported as a successful treatment for acute mania by Lambert and colleagues in 1966. Following this report, at least 16 uncontrolled trials consistently supported the observation that valproate has acute and long-term mood-stabilizing effects in patients with bipolar disorder (reviewed by Keck et al. 1992a). Recently, five double-blind controlled studies of valproate have been completed that provide definitive evidence of its efficacy in acute mania. 

Although studies reviewed thus far support the efficacy of lithium treatment for acute mania, the presence of concurrent depression or depressive symptoms during mania, the so-called mixed state, has been associated with poor lithium response. In 1976, Himmelhoch et al. observed that patients with mixed states were significantly less likely to demonstrate a good treatment response than were manic patients [42% vs. 81%] in a retrospective chart review of 84 consecutively referred patients with bipolar disorder. Secunda et al. [1985] reported on 18 patients with mania studied as part of the Collaborative Study of the Psychobiology of Depression and found that patients with concomitant depression and mania [n = 8] had a significantly lower rate of... 

From the above discussion, it appears that both lithium and valproate are equally effective pharmacological treatments for acute mania. Lithium is also established as an effective prophylactic agent, particularly for prevention of... 

According to an often-cited review of studies provided by May (1968), antipsychotics represent considerably more effective treatment for acute forms of schizophrenia than do various types of psychotherapy ... 

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