Transformation into industrial

Xanthan Gum. As a result of a project to transform agriculturally derived products into industrially usefiil products by microbial action, the Northern Regional Research Laboratories of the USDA showed that the bacterium TCanthomonas campestris - noduces a polysaccharide with industrially usefiil properties (77). Extensive research was carried out on this interesting polysaccharide in several industrial laboratories during the eady 1960s, culminating in commercial production in 1964. 

In the glass-bottle industry the bottles can be cooled in a dilute SOj/SO, atmosphere to increase chemical resistance. A similar effect has been noted with vitreous enamel. It has been postulated that a thin layer of —OH groups or — OH—HjO (hydronium) ions is adsorbed on the surface of a fired enamel. These ions are transformed into — OSO, or —OSO3 in the presence of oxides of sulphur which are more resistant to further acid attack. It is known that the acid resistance of a recently fired enamel improves on ageing, probably due to the enamel reaction with SOj/SO, in the atmosphere and it is quite common for the grading to improve from Class A to Class AA (BS 1344). 

Apart from economic considerations, the inherent disadvantages of biocatalysts have also limited the transformation of new technologies into industrial processes. Table 2.3 lists the major drawbacks of bioprocesses. 

The chiral acetate reagent is readily prepared from methyl mandelate [methyl (A)-hydroxy-phenyl acetate] which is first converted by treatment with phcnylmagnesium bromide into the triphenylglycol783, c (see Section 1.3.4.2.2.2.) and subsequently transformed into the acetate by reaction with acetyl chloride in the presence of pyridine. Thereby, the secondary hydroxyl group of the glycol is esterified exclusively. Both enantiomers of the reagent are readily accessible since both (R)- and (5)-hydroxyphenylacelic acid (mandelic acids) arc industrial products. 

Considerable effort has been devoted to the anaerobic transformation of polychlorinated Cj alkanes and C2 alkenes in view of their extensive use as industrial solvents and their identification as widely distributed groundwater contaminants. Early experiments, which showed that tetrachloroethene was transformed into chloroethene (Vogel and McCarty 1985) (Figure 7.67), aroused concern though it has now been shown that complete dechlorination can be accomplished by some organisms. 

Tyrpical experimental procedures are as follows for DP method, which is used for the industrial production of gold catalysts. To an aqueous solution of H AuCU, the pH of which is 2-3, an aqueous solution of NaOH is added to adjust the pH at a fix point in the range of 6-10. In neutral or weakly basic solution AuClj" ion is transformed into AuCl (OH)4l ( = 4 0). To this solution support materials are immersed or dispersed. When the pH, concentration, and temperature are carefully adjusted, solid Au(OH)3 precipitate is deposited exclusively on the... 

Synthesis of optically pure compounds via transition metal mediated chiral catalysis is very useful from an industrial point of view. We can produce large amounts of chiral compounds with the use of very small quantities of a chiral source. The advantage of transition metal catalysed asymmetric transformation is that there is a possibility of improving the catalyst by modification of the ligands. Recently, olefinic compounds have been transformed into the corresponding optically active alcohols (ee 94-97%) by a catalytic hydroxylation-oxidation procedure. 

PCP was widely applied by the leather industry before the 1990s for improving the biocidal activity of raw hides and skins. Due to the risk of transformation into dioxin during burning, the use of PCP and its salts and esters in leather manufacturing is not allowed in the EU according to EU Regulation 1997/2006 (Annex XVII) [12],... 

Altus has developed proprietary technology platform, known as Crystalomics , to enable the rapid commercialization of high-value protein-based products. The primary focus is on the 300 billion pharmaceutical industry, where the technology is designed to significantly accelerate the development of both large and small molecule pharmaceuticals. The Crystalomics platform addresses the major limitations in protein-based developments by enabling protein candidates transformation into their crystalline state. The application of the Crystalomics platform is in the development of protein-based biocatalytic products and processes, for use in the production of small molecule pharmaceuticals, for therapeutical purposes. 

The hydroisomerization of heavy linear alkanes is of a great interest in petroleum industry. Indeed, the transformation of long chain n-alkanes into branched alkanes allows to improve the low temperature performances of diesel or lubricating oils [1-3]. On bifunctional Pt-exchanged zeolite catalysts, n-CK, transformed into monobranched isomers, multibranched isomers and cracking products [4], The HBEA zeolite based catalyst was more selective for isomerization than those containing MCM-22 or HZSM-5 zeolites [4], This was explained on one hand by a rapid diffusion of the reaction intermediates inside the large HBEA channels, and on the other hand by the very small crystallites size of this zeolite (0.02 pm). 

Billions of pounds of polyolefins are produced annually in the world [1], Through simple insertion reactions, inexpensive and abundant olefins are transformed into polymeric materials for a wide range of applications including plastics, fibers, and elastomers. Despite its long history, the polyolefin industry continues to grow steadily and remains technologically driven because of continuous discovery of... 

In its starting period, about one decade ago, NEXUS was mainly driven by academic members, working on dissemination of information on technical developments and market possibilities. Industrial interest soon expanded the network and the current membership now exceeds 1000. Since mid-2001 the NEXUS network has been transformed into the NEXUS Associatiorf based in Grenoble, France. NEXUS activities continue to be strongly supported by the European Commission and MEMS/MST-related industry. 

Also, nitrones can be formed by photochemical oxidation (X350 nm) of aldimines in acetonitrile, in the presence of O2 over a TiC>2 suspension (20, 21). Air oxidation of imines into oxaziridines with their subsequent transformation into nitrones, using cobalt catalysts, provides good yields. Utilization of molecular oxygen in the oxidation process seems highly promising due to its cost-effectiveness, availability, and the possibility of industrial application (22). 

Mg is used as the consumable electrode. Industrial grade magnesium is of sufficient purity for these reactions (Pechiney manufactures 99.7% Mg costing about 4 dollars per kg). For most syntheses only about 0.2 kg of magnesium are consumed per kg of product which means about 0.8 dollars per kg. Magnesium salts are disposed of by standard procedure or can be transformed into valuable magnesium stearate [149]. 

A global value plan has to be calculated on the basis of the corporate base currency requiring all values measured in other currencies to be transformed into the basis currency applying exchange rate plans (Delf-mann/Alberts 2000) and also applying interest rates to discount period cash flows to a net present value of the tactical value plan (see also Eppen et al. 1989, p. 520 for an example in the automotive industry). 

Small amounts of acetaldehyde (from acetylene) are converted industrially into alcohol by catalytic hydrogenation, and large amounts are transformed into acetic acid by catalysed autoxidation (with oxides of manganese). 

Upon thermal treatment the four-membered ring transforms into a diene. Thus, yS-pinene is industrially converted into the noncyclic triene myrcene. This type of ring opening also plays a role in a semi-synthetic route to linalool starting from a-pinene (Scheme 5.4). 

It has been reported that when Ceo is rapidly and nonhydrostatically compressed above 20 GPa at room temperature, it transforms into polycrystalline diamond [524]. Although Ceo can be considered as a folded graphite sheet, we must take into account that in the pentagons there is an important tetrahedral distortion making the transformation of Ceo into diamond likely easier than the HP-HT conversion from graphite, and it is possible to use this reaction for industrial production of diamonds. 

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