Transcriptional regulatory

Detailed analysis of the lambda repressor led to the important concept that transcription regulatory proteins have several functional domains. For example, lambda repressor binds to DNA with high affinity. Repressor monomers form dimers, dimers interact with each other, and repressor interacts with RNA polymerase. The protein-DNA interface and the three protein-protein interfaces all involve separate and distinct domains of the repressor molecule. As will be noted below (see Figure 39—17), this is a characteristic shared by most (perhaps all) molecules that regulate transcription. 

Table39-3. Examples of transcription regulatory proteins that contain the various binding motifs.

Figure 4. Transcriptional regulatory sequences of the mouse c-mos gene. Transcription in oocytes and spermatocytes initiates 53 and approximately 280 base pairs upstream of the c-mos ATG, respectively. Efficient transcription in oocytes requires an initiator (Inr)-I ike sequence located downstream of the transcription start site. A negative regulatory element (NRE) located upstream of the spermatocyte promoter acts to suppress c-mos transcription in somatic cells.

Muratake, T., Toyooka, K., Hayashi, S. et al. Immunohistochemical changes of the transcription regulatory factors in rat striatum after methamphetamine administration. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 844 21, 1998. 

Van Lint C, Ghysdael J, Paras P Jr, Bumy A, Verdin E (1994) A transcriptional regulatory element is associated with a nuclease-hypersensitive site in the pol gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 68 2632-2648... 

Chan S-C, Brown MA, Willcox TM, Li SH, Stevens SR, Tara D, Hanifin JM Abnormal IL-4 gene expression by atopic dermatitis T lymphocytes is reflected in altered nuclear protein interactions with IL-4 transcriptional regulatory element. J Invest Dermatol 1996 106 1131-1136. 

Gralla JD, Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA transcription Regulatory roles for ppGpp, NTPs, architectural proteins and a polymerase-binding protein. Mol Microbiol 55 973-977, 2005. 

Hardin It may not be important for the raw function of the oscillator. There may be enough post-transcriptional regulatory events there which can maintain function even without RNA cycling. For constant expression of all the core components Amita Sehgal has come the closest in that she constantly expressed tim and per, and the oscillator works you get some rhythmic animals. 

Park, K.-I. et al.. An intragenic tandem duplication in a transcriptional regulatory gene for anthocyanin biosynthesis confers pale-colored flowers and seeds with fine spots in Ipomoea tricolor. Plant J., 38, 840, 2004. 

The nuclear receptors are localized in the cytosol or nucleus. Due to their hpophihc nature the natural ligands of the nuclear receptors can cross the cell membrane in a passive marmer and bind the cognate receptor in the cell interior. Binding by hormones activates the transcription regulatory effect of the receptor. 

The species differences, particularly with respect to humans compared to rats and mice, can be potentially attributed to several aspects of PPARa-mediated regulation of gene expression. These include the level of expression and functional capability of PPARa, the presence or absence of active PPREs in the promoter region of specific genes, and other aspects of interaction with transcriptional regulatory proteins. 

Different AAV serotypes have shown remarkably different expression patterns because of differences in cell entry and intracellular activities (66, 67). Application of the dimerizer-inducible transcriptional regulatory system for AAV has allowed pharmacological regulation of heterologous gene expression in vivo (68). 

Hobbs, M. Collie, E.S. Free, P.D. Livingston, S.P. Mattick, J.S. PilS and PilR, a two-component transcriptional regulatory system controlling expression of type 4 fimbriae in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol. Microbiol., 7, 669-682 (1993)... 

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