Trading down

Home ownership can provide income years through a trade-down. For example, moving from a 400,000 house to a 200,000 house in retirement will allow you to have 200,000 of new investment money (which can support your entire shelter bill, including utilities, property insurance, and upkeep). The trade-down option is the single largest lever people have on their retirement security. It can replace 2 to 4 years of income. 

Assume that one month later there has been a catastrophic fall in the bond market and the 5% 2004 gilt is trading down at 92.75. Following this drop, the market value of the collateral is now ... 

This structured derivative is best illustrated by an example. Suppose that, when 6-month EURIBOR was 3%, a borrower purchased a knockout cap with a strike rate of 5%, and a knock-out rate of 1.75%. This cap would behave normally provided EURIBOR stayed above 1.75%. If, however, EURIBOR traded down to 1.75% or lower, the cap would be permanently knocked out, and would provide no further protection, even if rates subsequently rose above 5%. 

Wet chemical methods determining titratable amine ate reported for products entering urethane (amine number as meq/g) or epoxy (AHEW = amine hydrogen equivalent weight) trade appHcations. For secondary amines /V-nitrosamine contaminants are reportable down to ppb using Thermoelectron Corporation thermal energy analy2er techniques. 

UF and MF use energy to depolarize membranes so as to increase flux. As is shown in Fig. 22-55, membranes and mechanical equipment are traded off to achieve an overall economic minimum. Three things can drive a design toward the use of more membranes and less mechanical equipment cheaper membranes, veiy high flux, and veiy low flux. The availability of lower-cost membranes is easiest to understand. In the five years ending in 1995, the cost of both membrane area and membrane housings was driven down by competition. 

When owners wish to build a new source which will add a specific amount of a specific pollutant to an area that is innonattainment with respect to that pollutant, they must, under U.S. federal regulations, document a reduction of at least that amount of the pollutant from another source in the area. They can effect this reduction, or "offset," as it is called, in another plant they own in the area or can shut down that plant. However, if they do not own another such plant or do not wish to shut down or effect such reduction in a plant they own, they can seek the required reduction or offset from another owner. Thus, such offsets are marketable credits that can be bought, sold, traded, or stockpiled ("banked") as long as the state or local regulatory agency legitimizes, records, and certificates these transactions. The new source will still have to meet NSPS, BACT or MACT, and/or LAER standards, whichever are applicable. 

First, achieving lower raw material cost than at present is always an important economic factor. When the price for one material comes down relative to another, the point at which we trade-off between the two materials changes because cost is a factor in most designs. That statement is not meant to imply that engineers are not concerned about cost in some designs, but we must emphasize that some particular structures have functional requirements as the most important issue. Can they or can they not do the job Cost is not the primary issue in that case. We would naturally like to have a less-expensive Space Shuttle, but can we do the job that the Space Shuttle is now doing with a lower-cost structure We could use less-expensive materials, but would they be able to hold up, would they survive reentry, and would the astronauts be able to survive If the astronauts would not be able to survive, then clearly you would acknowledge that we must pay the added cost to get the job done, i.e., to ensure their safety. 

Until information can be compared with similarly classified data its use must be limited. In order to plan ahead, a business will prepare a strategy or budget for the next trading year and probably several years thereafter, with that for the next year broken down into the business s scheme of accounting periods. 

My next mixed drink was the gimlet, discovered in the heatwave of the summer of 1986. Ice cold when it s right, it kept me as cool as the big BTLIs, but it ruined my reputation for thinking before I speak. I accept the trade-off. And I still badger bartenders to make the gimlet as close to frozen as they can, because you want the liquid to go down as though it were the purest excitement. Which it is. 

In fact, in any profession or trade, the first step of diagnosing a problem is always to ask questions. Let s say you are trying to decide if you really want to be a doctor. There are some tough, penetrating questions that you should be asking yourself. It all boils down to learning how to ask the right questions. 

London auction prices for tea in 1995 reflect the lowest price per pound since 1975 at 74.5 cents.23 Lower market prices of tea are primarily due to the reduced quality of tea and record production prices for tea were 83.7 cents per pound in 1991, down 8.5 cents from the previous year. The highest price was recorded in 1984 ( 1.56 per pound), which has since fallen to the recent levels. Trade in imports and exports of tea (bag and instant) in the U.S. has been growing since 1990. While iced tea products are increasingly popular in the U.S., they are in direct competition with soft drinks which tend to dominate the cold beverage market. 

To get the best estimate, each job should be broken down into its components and separate indices used for labour and materials. It is often more convenient to use the composite indices published for various industries in the trade journals. These produce a weighted average index combining the various components in proportions considered typical for the particular industry. Such an index for the chemical industry in the United Kingdom is published in the journal Process Engineering, Anon. (2004). The composition of this index is ... 

Maintenance may be handled either by employees hired especially for that job or by an outside contractor. The latter is most economical when workers in most trades are needed only occasionally. The company does not need to hire these workers full time, but still has their talents available when they are needed. Even in a large plant where a number of employees skilled in each maintenance trade are needed full time, contract maintenance may be used as a supplement at times of turnarounds (a planned time when large continuous plants are shut down to do preventive maintenance, repairs, and inspections) or especially heavy demands. For instance, during the turnaround of a 140,000 bbl/day (22,000 m3/day) Tidewater Oil Company refinery, the number of maintenance personnel rose from a preshutdown level of 181 to 924 men.48 Fewer men could have been used, but the downtime of the refinery would have been increased. In this instance the plant contracted for all of its maintenance. 

The coordinated approach contracting relationships built on collaboration, trust and close interpersonal ties define the coordinated approach. This approach means that the producer inherits the responsibility and costs of social auditing as they are passed down the supply chain. This is achieved, however, within the framework of close retailer-supplier relationships. Although subcontracting exists, known networks of traceable suppliers are involved. As such, it is possible to exert considerably greater control over the ethical trading process. 

The level of the information flow boils down to a purely technical level where the partners agree on common protocols for transferring data. For the chemical industry, an initiative to set uniform standards is CIDX. CIDX (http //www.cidx.org) is a trade association and standards body whose mission is to improve the ease, speed and cost of conducting business electronically between chemical companies and their trading partners. It provides the Chem eStandards, a collection of defined messages and related business process guidance that companies use to understand the requests and fulfill electronic business orders and related transactions. 

For an RF electric field sensor, bandwidth (speed) is another important requirement. The speed of a resonator is determined by the cavity ring down time r = QX/c. As in any devices using resonating structures, a trade off between sensitivity (which increases with Q) and speed (which decreases when Q increases) has to be made. At the wavelength of 1.55 pm, Q factors of 104 and 106 translates to a sensor bandwidths of 20 GHz and 200 MHz, respectively. 

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