Trading capital

The profit on each product is set as a percentage of trading capital of between 12 per cent and 18 per cent depending on the therapeutic use and the cost of alternative treatment (profit control). 

Increasing the chosen value of process energy consumption also increases all temperature differences available for heat recovery and hence decreases the necessary heat exchanger surface area (see Fig. 6.6). The network area can be distributed over the targeted number of units or shells to obtain a capital cost using Eq. (7.21). This capital cost can be annualized as detailed in App. A. The annualized capital cost can be traded off against the annual utility cost as shown in Fig. 6.6. The total cost shows a minimum at the optimal energy consumption. 

Ahmad, S., Heat Exchanger Networks Cost Trade-ofFs in Energy and Capital, Ph.D. thesis, UMIST, U.K., 1985. 

Increased heat utilization does not always mean a trade-off, and many studies have shown a reduction in energy consumption as well as capital cost which in itself is a remarkable recommendation for a systematic approach to network design. 

Closing the Books At the end of the accounting period, the individual accounts are closed by balancing each in accordance with Eq. (9-126). The balances are transferred either to the balance sheet in the case of capital expenditure or to the income statement in the case of revenue expenditure. An alternative name for the balance sheet is the position statement the income statement is also caUed the trading and profit-and-loss account. 

A study has been made by A. V. Bridgwater [Chem. Eng., 86, 119-121 (Nov. 5, 1979)] of the geographical variations in capital costs. He concluded that because of trade and competition basic equipment costs do not vaiy significantlv in the industrialized countries of the western world. The main differences in construction costs at various international locations are due to variations in labor costs and productivity, the use of specialized equipment, and sundry local factors. Table 9-55 gives location factors for the construction of chemical plants of similar function in various countries (1993 values). The factors have been corrected by Bridgwater for location variations in labor costs and efficiency and converted at the average value of the exchange rate. 

Factors that enter into any economic analysis of handhng-warehousing systems are (1) expected mechanical and economic life of the system (2) annual maintenance cost (3) capital requirements and expected return on investment (4) building-construction cost and land v ue (5) detailed analysis of each work position (to determine trade-offs of labor and equipment expected future costs and availability of labor are important) (6) relation of system control and personnel used in system (trade-offs of people versus mechanical control) (7) type of information system (computerized or manual) and (8) expected changed in product, container, unit pallet loads, and customer preferences during the life of the system. 

FIG. 22-55 Typical capital-cost schematic for membrane equipment showing trade-off for membrane area and mechanical equipment. Lines shown are from families for parallel hues showing hmiting costs for membrane and for ancillary equipment. Abscissa Relative membrane area installed in a typical membrane process. Minimum capital cost is at 1.0. Ordinate Relative cost. Line with positive slope is total membrane cost. Line with negative slope is total ancillary equipment cost. Curve is total capital cost. Minimum cost is at 1.0. 

This is only 31 % of the operating cost prior to heal integration. Once the minimum operating cost is determined, a network of heat exchangers can be synthesized. The trade-off between capital and operating costs can be established by iteratively vaiying AT " until the minimum total annualized cost is attained. 

Words ending in -it in German, as, for instance, the names of a great many minerals, should as a rule be translated with the ending -ite as, Kainit, kainite (not kainit). If it seems best to retain the original speUing of a trade name it should be placed in quotation marks or its initial letter should be capitalized as, Permutit, permutite or permutit or Permutit. 

Trade debtors Credit control Trade creditors Payroll Analyses Capital expenditure control Fixed assets registers Management accounts Annual accounts... 

Company A has an authorized and issued share capital of 300,000 ordinary shares of 1 each held by five shareholders. After many years of successful trading, it is decided to seek a listing on the Stock Exchange. The capital is increased to 3 million and is then divided into 12 million shares of 0.25. Of these, 8 million are offered for sale to the public at 1 each. Subject to the costs of the issue, this will raise 8 million of fresh capital, some of which will be used in the business and some will go to... 

Working capital normally includes stocks, trade debtors, prepayments, trade creditors, accruals, current taxation, etc. 

Name that is registered by the manufacturer and is followed by the trademark symbol the name can be used only by the manufacturer a drug may have several trade names, depending on the number of manufacturers the first letter of the name is capitalized. 

Figure 3.1 Recovery of heat from a waste steam involves a trade-off between reduced energy cost and increased capital cost of heat exchanger.

Figure 9.18 The capital-energy trade-off standalone distillation columns.

There are important trade-offs to be considered when designing a gas separation using a membrane. The cost of a membrane separation is dominated by the capital cost of the membrane, which is proportional to its area, the capital cost of any compression equipment required and the operating... 

The optimization can be carried out using nonlinear optimization techniques such as SQP (see Chapter 3). The nonlinear optimization has the problems of local optima if techniques such as SQP are used for the optimization. Constraints need to be added to the optimization in order that a mass balance can be maintained and the product specifications achieved. The optimization of the side-rectifier and side-stripper in a capital-energy trade-off determines the distribution of plates, the reflux ratios in the main and sidestream columns and condition of the feed. If a partitioned side-rectifier (Figure ll.lOd) or partitioned side-stripper (Figure 11.lid) is to be used, then the ratio of the vapor flowrates on each side of the partition can be used to fix the location of the partition across the column. The partition is located such that the ratio of areas on each side of the partition is the same as the optimized ratio of vapor flowrates on each side of the partition. However, the vapor split for the side-rectifier will only follow this ratio if the pressure drop on each side of the partition is the... 

The batch cycle time has been reduced from 2.6 to 1.3 h. This means that a greater number of batches can be processed and hence, if there are two reactors each with the original capacity, the process capacity has increased. However, the increase in capacity has been achieved at the expense of an increased capital cost for the second reactor. An economic assessment is required before it can judge whether the trade-off is justified. 

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