Trace elements deficiency

King P.M., Alston A.M. Diagnosis of trace element deficiencies in wheat on Eyre Peninsula, South Australia In Trace Elements in Soil-Plant-Animal Systems, D. J.D. Nicholas, A.R. Egan, eds. New York, NY Academic Press, Inc., 1975. 

Mineral deficiencies are not uncommon and can have quite a variety of causes—e. g., an unbalanced diet, resorption disturbances, and diseases. Calcium deficiency can lead to rickets, osteoporosis, and other disturbances. Chloride deficiency is observed as a result of severe Cr losses due to vomiting. Due to the low content of iodine in food in many regions of central Europe, iodine deficiency is widespread there and can lead to goiter. Magnesium deficiency can be caused by digestive disorders or an unbalanced diet—e.g., in alcoholism. Trace element deficiencies often result in a disturbed blood picture—i. e., forms of anemia. 

Tinker, P. B. (1981), in Metabolic and Physiological Consequences of Trace Element Deficiency in Animals and Man Fowden, L., Gaston, G. A., Mills, C. F. (eds.) Phil Hans R Soc Land B294, 41. 

Geochemistry can in many cases be applied to determine limits of tolerance and give warnings of dangerous increases or trace element deficiencies in water and plants. The laboratories are equipped with sophisticated instruments, which can detect all sorts of pollution, even in the atmosphere (Steinberg, 1971). 

It comes as no great surprise that trace elements may affect the growth and development of bone. Trace element deficiences profoundly alter hone metabolism in animals either directly or indirectly (3). The absence of a trace element in the diet can lead to inefficient functioning of a specific enzyme or enzymes that require the transition element as a cofactor. An example of this is the role of Cu and iron (Fe) in the cross-linking of collagen and elastins (4-9). The participation of Mn in the biosynthesis of mucopolysaccharides (10-12) is another example. Zn deficiency causes a reduction in osteoblastic activity, collagen and chondroitin sulfate synthesis and alkaline phosphatase activity (13-16). 

There is a great deal of both popular and professional interest in the etiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis. The extent of this disease in the United States is a major public health concern. No single cause can be identified. Certainly the influence of hormones, dietary intakes of Ca, fluoride and vitamin D are significant. Our results suggest that it may be prudent to consider the possibility that trace element deficiencies, particularly of Mn, may be of significance. 

Mertz, W., "Defining Trace Element Deficiencies and Toxicities in Man, ... 

Hurley, L. S., Perinatal Effects of Trace Element Deficiencies, in Trace... 

Combinations of poor dietary supply, intestinal malabsorption because of the antagonistic effects of other trace elements, or blockage of uptake by substances Uke phytate — together with increased excretory losses as a result of disease, injury, and infection—can result in overt, symptomatic trace element deficiency disease. Liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and renal disease will affect trace element absorption and excretion to a variable extent and may cause an acquired deficiency disease. 

The nutrition-focused physical examination consists of an assessment of lean body mass (LBM) and the physical findings of vitamin deficiency, trace element deficiency, and essential fatty acid deficiency. The assessment should characterize the presence and degree of muscle wasting, edema, loss of subcutaneous fat, dermatitis, glossitis, cheilosis, and/or jaundice (Table 135-2). 

Clinical symptoms of trace element deficiencies, although rare, have been reported in patients receiving PN. More commonly, decreased serum trace element concentrations have been reported in a variety of patient populations. However, the clinical significance of decreased concentrations of many trace elements is not known because serum concentrations often do not correlate with total body stores. Clinical signs and symptoms of trace element deficiencies have been reviewed elsewhere. ... 

Underwood EJ. 1981. The incidence of trace element deficiency diseases. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 294 3-8. 

Skin and mucosal lesions (vitamin and trace element deficiency)... 

Anke M, Groppel B, Arnhold W, Langer M and Krause U (1990) The influence of the ultra trace element deficiency (Mo, Ni, As, Cd, V) on growth, reproduction performance and life expectancy. In Tomita H, ed. Trace Elements in Clinical Medicine. Spiinger-Verlag, Tokyo, pp. 361—376. 

To investigate these various possibilities an animal model was developed in the sheep (Figure 62.4), because of the access provided for both maternal and fetal thyroidectomy and previous experience with trace element deficiencies (Hetzel, 1976). Subsequently, a similar model was developed in the primate marmoset monkey Callithrix jacchus jacchus) (Mano et ai, 1987) and in the rat (Li et al., 1985 Morreale de Escobar et ai, 1993). 

World Health Organization/Nutrition Program (1996). Micronutrient and Trace Element Deficiencies General Information. WHO, Geneve, Switzerland. 

Table 2. Reasons for Relatively High Risk of Trace Element Deficiencies/lmbalances During Growth and Development...

Problems that may be encountered in the use of special formulas include those based on soy protein and synthetic diets. Trace element deficiencies may result from inadvertently low levels of specific nutrients [15] and/or from poor bioavailability [14]. The practical... 

Smith JC, Schwarz K (1967) A controlled environment system for trace element deficiencies. J. Nutr. 93 182-188... 

With the arbitrary exception of fluorine, trace element deficiences rarely occur in Man although deficiencies of Cu, Co, Mn and Se occur in grazing animals as a result of a deficiency of these elements in the soil and herbage. It is possible, however, that marginal states of deficiency may be responsible for some cases of non-specific indisposition and malaise. 

Areas of black puffy soil (18-25% organic matter) are found on some chalkland farms and they require special treatment cirltivations can be difficult and often trace element deficiencies, e.g. for copper, need correcting. 

The soils are naturally acidic and initially need heavy liming. Over Uming can lead to trace element deficiencies. 

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