Toxicology Chinese

Rats and mice are generally used for in vivo studies, with the mouse being employed for bone marrow micronucleus analysis and the rat for metaphase analysis, but both can be used for either. Mice are cheaper and easier to handle than rats, and only a qualitative difference in response has been found between the species (Albanese et al., 1987). Chinese hamsters are also widely used for metaphase analysis because of their low diploid chromosome number of 22. However, there are few other historical toxicological data for this species. 

Sister chromatid exchange, Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro + + 50.9 National Toxicology Program (1993)... 

Sister ehromatid exehange, Chinese hamster eells in vitro + + 1.11 Program (1990) National Toxicology... 

Yuan M, Hong Y. Heterogeneity of Chinese medical herbs in Singapore assessed by fluorescence AFLP analysis. Am J Chin Med 2003 31(5) 773-779. Wu K-M, Farrelly J, Birnkrant D, et al. Regulatory toxicology perspectives on the development of botanical drug products in the United States. Am J Ther 2004 11(3) 213-217. 

CIC, Chromosomal aberrations, Chinese hamster ovary CHO cells in vitro (+) (+) 500 US National Toxicology... 

Recently, we established that 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) is 100,000 fold more potent than caffeine at overcoming the G2 arrest, and dramatically enhances the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in Chinese hamster ovary cells at exactly the same concentrations that bypass the G2 checkpoint [41] [42]. UCN-01 also enhanced the activity of cisplatin in human cell lines, and furthermore, this occurred preferentially in cells with disrupted p53 function [43]. Toxicology experiments have shown that the required doses of UCN-01 are well tolerated in both mice and dogs [44]. Accordingly, UCN-01 would appear to have great potential to be used effectively in combination with cisplatin to enhance cell killing specifically in the tumor. The importance of this strategy for the current discussion is that it emphasizes the... 

Developmental rats, rabbits Prenatal and postnatal development none Genetic toxicology Ames test, in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test in V79 Chinese hamster cells, and in vivo mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test in rats... 

Single dose cynomolgus monkeys Repeat dose mice, rats, cynomolgus monkeys Fertility and early embryonic development rats Developmental rats, mice, rabbits Prenatal and postnatal development rats Genetic toxicology Ames reverse mutation, Chinese hamster ovary hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase forward point mutation assay, cytogenetics in human lymphocytes... 

Zheng, M.-H., Bao, Z.-C., Wang, K.-O., Yang, H., Xu, X.-B. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in lake sediments from Chinese schistosomiasis areas. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59 653-656 (1997). 

Jostes, R.F., L.B. Sasser and R.J. Rausch. 1989. Toxicology Studies on Lewisite and Sulfur Mustard Agents Genetic Toxicity of Sulfur Mustard (HD) in the Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Final Report from Pacific Northwest Laboratories (PNL-6916) to U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD. 

The word toxicology is derived from the Greek words toxikon (arrow poison) and toxikos (the bow). Poisons were known about and used in warfare from the earliest times. However, there were other reasons for interest in poisons, and study of them had begun by 1500 bc. The Ebers Papyrus, the earhest medical records, include references to and recipes for poisons. Many of these are recognizable, such as hemlock, the plant toxin that the Greeks used for the execution of Socrates in 399 bc. Other substances listed are aconite, which was used as an arrow poison by the Chinese, and poisonous metals such as lead and antimony. Opium, which was used for both poisonous and beneficial purposes, has been known for at least 5,000 years. 

Drew AK, Whyte IM, Bensoussan A, Dawson AH, Zhu X, Myers SP. Chinese herbal medicine toxicology database monograph on Herba Asari, xi xin. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002 40(2) 169-72. 

In a 5-year toxicological study of traditional remedies and food supplements carried out by the Medical Toxicology Unit at Guy s and St. Thomas Hospital, London, 1297 symptomatic enquiries by medical professionals were evaluated (28). Of these, an association was considered to have been confirmed, probable, or possible in 12, 35, and 738 cases respectively. Ten of the confirmed cases were related to Chinese or Indian herbal remedies. As a result of these findings, in October 1996 the UK Committee on Safety of Medicines extended its yellow card scheme for adverse drug reaction reporting to include unhcensed herbal remedies, which are marketed mostly as food supplements in the UK (the scheme had always apphed to hcensed herbal medicines) (29,30). This was an important milestone in herbal pharmacovigilance. 

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