Toxicity testing cadmium

A waste is toxic under 40 CFR Part 261 if the extract from a sample of the waste exceeds specified limits for any one of eight elements and five pesticides (arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, endrin, methoxychlor, toxaphene, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-TP Silvex using extraction procedure (EP) toxicity test methods. Note that this narrow definition of toxicity relates to whether a waste is defined as hazardous for regulatory purposes in the context of this chapter, toxicity has a broader meaning because most deep-well-injected wastes have properties that can be toxic to living organisms. 

By a strict definition, these electrical and electronic wastes are hazardous. Fluorescent lamps contain mercury, and almost all fluorescents fail the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) toxicity test for hazardous wastes. Fluorescent lamp ballasts manufactured in the mid-1980s contain polychorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a carcinogen most of these ballasts are still in service. Batteries can contain any of a number of hazardous materials, including cadmium (nickel-cadmium... 

Prokop, Z. Holouhek, I. The use of a microbial contact toxicity test for evaluating cadmium bioavailabihty in soil. J. Soil Sediment 2001, 1, 21-24. 

In a study (Boyle, et al., 1981) conducted by the American Foundrymen s Society (AFS) in conjunction with the University of Wisconsin and the USEPA, leaching tests were conducted on cupola emission control dusts and sludges from 21 different foundries. This study concluded that 9 out of the 21 foundries generated emission control residuals which would be considered as a hazardous waste on the basis of EP Toxicity for lead. Two other foundries generated emission control residuals which would be classified as hazardous on the basis of EP Toxicity for cadmium. Concentrations in the EP Toxicity Test for the 21 foundries ranged from less than 0.6 mg/1 to 130 mg/1. The mean lead... 

Chapman, K.K., Benton, M.J., Brinkhurst, R.O. and Scheuerman, P.R. (1999) Use of the aquatic oligochaetes Lumbriculus variegatus and Tubifex tubifex for assessing the toxicity of copper and cadmium in a spiked-artificial-sediment toxicity test, Environmental Toxicology 14 (2), 271 -278. 

De Coen, W.M. and Janssen, C.R. (1997) The use of biomarkers in Daphnia magna toxicity testing II. Digestive enzyme activity in Daphnia magna exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium, chromium and mercuty, Chemosphere 35 (5), 1053-1067. 

Sae-Ma, B., Meier, P.G. and Landrum, P.F. (1998) Effect of extended storage time on the toxicity of sediment-associated cadmium on midge larvae Chironomus tentans), Ecotoxicology 7 (3), 133-139. Sakai, M. (2001) Chronic toxicity tests with Daphnia magna for examination of river water quality,... 

McCahon CP, Whiles AJ, Pascoe D. 1989. The toxicity of cadmium to differenrt larval instars of the trichopteran larvae Agapetus fuscipes Curtis and the importance of lifecycle information to the design of toxicity tests. Hydrobiologia 185 153-162. 

Irving EC, Baird DJ, Culp JM. 2003. Ecotoxicological responses of the mayfly Baetis tricau-datus to dietary and waterborne cadmium implications for toxicity testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 22 1058-1064. 

Sandifer, R.D. and Hopkin, S.P. (1996) Effects of pH on the toxicity of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc to Folsomia Candida Willem, 1902 (Collembola) in a standard laboratory test... 

Winner, R.W. 1988. Evaluation of the relative sensitivities of a 7-d Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia toxicity tests for cadmium and sodium pentachloropheno-late. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7 153-159. 

The situation became even more complicated because of a change in the U.S. hazardous waste management law. In 1990, the U.S. EPA changed its test protocol for determining what wastes should be classified as hazardous. The new toxicity test, called the TCLP test, required that materials be crushed or cut up to a small particle size and exposed to an acetic acid solution. The constituents of the leachate were then measured against standards for (among other elements) cadmium and lead. The idea was to simulate the release of the battery s contents into a landfill environment over a protracted period of time. If excessive quantities of the hazardous constituents of concern were measured, the waste material was to be regulated as hazardous. 

Liquid wastes generated by refineries have different chemical compositions including oil and grease, phenols, BTEX, ammonia, suspended solids, cyanide, sulfide, nitrogen compoimds and heavy metals such as iron, cadmium, nickel, chromium, copp>er, molybdenum, selenium, vanadium and zinc. Seeking to evaluate and monitor the environmental imp>act caused by the discharge of effluents in water bodies, toxicity tests are often used as indicators of damage to the aquatic environment. Tests on fish, invertebrates and seaweeds have revealed that most of... 

Medically evaluating, training, qualifying, and fit-testing workers for specific respirator types, checking 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, for any special respiratory protection requirements (e.g., for asbestos, lead, or cadmium) [3]... 

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