Toxicity ochratoxin

Harwig, J., Kuiper-Goodman, T. and Scott, P.M., Microbial food toxicants Ochratoxins, in Rechcigl, M., ed.. Handbook of Foodborne Diseases of Biological Origin, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983. 

Some natural products, or their degradation products, represent a hazard for mammals not because of general toxicity but for subtle, adverse properties, such as carcinogenicity and tumor promotion. They are best known fi om marine dinoflagellates (okadaic acid and structural analogues), filamentous fungi (trichothecenes and ochratoxins), and plants (pyrrolizidine alkaloids). 

The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (AAA) (7), which is a possible human carcinogen, continues to receive extensive attention due to its presence in a myriad of foods and beverages (1520, 1521) and its well-established toxicity (teratogenicity, mutagenicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity) (1522-1524). Major sources of ochratoxin A are grapes, must, and wine (1525-1533), cereals (1534), beer (1535,1536), dried fruit (1537), roasted coffee (1538), and cocoa products and chocolate (1539). 

Ochratoxin A, the most toxic member of this group of mycotoxins, has been found to be a potent nephrotoxin causing kidney damage in many animal species as well as liver necrosis and enteritis [4, 89, 94-96]. This toxin also acts as a immunosuppressor [96-98], and demonstrates teratogenic [99],... 

Fink-Gremmels J, Jahn A, Blom MJ Toxicity and metabolism of ochratoxin A. Nat Toxins 1995 3 214-220. 

Dirheimer G Mechanistic approaches to ochratoxin toxicity. Food Addit Contam 1996 13(suppl) 45S-48S. 

Hoehler D, Marquardt RR Influence of vitamins E and C on the toxic effects of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin in chicks. Poultry Sci 1996 75 1508-1515. 

Creppy EE, Baudrimont I, Belmadani A, Betbeder AM Aspartame as a preventive agent of chronic toxic effects of ochratoxin A in experimental animals. J Toxicol Toxin Rev 1996 15 207-221. 

Another important and widespread fungal toxin is ochratoxin, which is also found in cereals and, to a lesser extent, in coffee and cocoa beans. The toxin Ochratoxin A is the most commonly found and is produced by the Aspergillus t5rpe of fungus. Exposure occurs in many countries in Europe and affects farm animals as well as humans. The major toxic effect in both humans and animals is kidney damage and cancer of the kidney. The available epidemiological evidence indicates that the disease called Balkan nephropathy is associated with consumption of food contaminated with ochratoxin, and the toxin has been detected in the blood of people living... 

Mycotoxicoses may induce various pathological disorders in animals as well as in human beings. Considering the poor specificity of the signs observed and the very low concentrations of the toxic compounds in most biological tissues or fluids, it is necessary to be able to analyze, promptly and efficiently, biological samples to evaluate the risk of mycotoxicosis. The most common mycotoxins involved include aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin, zearalenon, and T2 toxin... 

Mycotoxins The mycotoxins are secondary products of fungal metabolism. Numerous mycotoxins have been identified as toxicants in humans and/or animal models with several organ systems, including the kidney, being targets for these fungal products. Perhaps the two mycotoxins that have received the most attention as nephrotoxicants are citrinin and ochratoxin A. These two mycotoxins have received particular interest due to their possible role in endemic Balkan nephropathy. 

Other mycotoxins, including DAS, DON, and ochratoxin, are not of major economic importance although they can be toxic to food-producing animals. DAS causes necrosis and erosion of the oral mucous membranes. Consequently, affected animals exhibit feed refusal and have impaired growth. DON (also called vomitoxin ) induces vomiting and feed... 

Sansing, G. A., Lillehoj, E. B., and Detroy, R. W. 1976. Synergistic toxic effect of citrinin, ochratoxin A and penicillic acid in mice. Toxicon 14, 213-220. 

Ochratoxin A 57 is a highly toxic metabolite isolated from Aspergillus ochraceus Wilh The structure assigned to it on the basis of spectral data, was confirmed by an anambiguous synthesis, which is shown below >. 

This mycotoxin occurs in a great number of foods with different physiological and environmental requirements. There are four ochratoxin homologs - A, B, C, D. Ohratoxin A is the most widely spread and toxic (Karova 1998). 

Ochratoxin A is the most potent toxin isolated from the mould Aspergillus ochraceus. LD50, oral, rat 20 mg/kg. Acute effects mainly on kidneys, also toxic to neural, reproductive and immune systems and carcinogenic. 

---