Toxic health effects

Provides access to detailed information on all categories of pesticides including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and rodenticides. Included is information on pesticide toxicity, health effects, residual data, efficacy, and other information. NPIC is a cooperative effort of the U.S. EPA and the Oregon State University Department of Agricultural Chemistry. NPIC is staffed from 6 30 a.m to 4 30 p.m. Pacific Standard Time. 

This review describes factors concerning the safety and environmental effects of organic germanium, tin and lead compounds. The factors involve the production and use of the elements, alkylation, degradation, toxicity, health effect assessment and so on. 

Chase RM, Liss GM, Cole DC, et al Toxic health effects including reversible macrothrombocytosis in workers exposed to asphalt fumes. Am J Ind Med 25 279-289, 1994... 

For paints emitting 2-butanonoxime, the risk posed by the maximum occupational exposure during typical use presents concerns regarding developmental toxicity health effects. 

More information on different chemical substances, as well as the categorization, kinds of uses, and possible health effects, is available in other chapters of this book and in other published literature. To protect themselves and the living environment, students and workers must be well aware of potential toxicity and the implications of negligence and improper use. The different chapters of this book discuss specihc chemical substances and their uses, toxicity, health effects on animals and humans, and the importance of taking precautions during use. 

The toxicity, health effects, and related symptoms of poisoning caused by different metals and metal compounds in humans is modulated by many factors. In a large number of instances, poisoning from metal compounds is because of the persistence of the metal dusts and fumes present in the workplace, as well as the properties of each metal, the pattern or route of exposure, the form and nature of the metal, and the quantity or concentration of the metal compound ingested, inhaled, or absorbed into the system. The health status of a worker modulates its toxicity. Toxic metals cause severe poisoning and skin diseases such as melanosis, leukomelanosis, keratosis, nonpitting edema, gangrene, and skin cancer. 

Fire, explosion, and toxic health effect hazards of the materials contained in the processed being accessed. 

Material safety data sheets and other chemical safety sheets are another means to address safety issues. Material safety data sheets (MSDS) provide the proper procedures for handling or working with specific chemicals. In addition, MSDS include physical data, toxicity, health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, disposal, protective equipment, and spill/leak procedures. As a general rule, an MSDS should be available for every on-site chemical. 

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Aliphatic hydrocarbons are straight or branched chains of carbon and hydrogen. These include alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, acetylenes, and arenes. Generally, ahphatic hydrocarbons, with the exception of hexane, exhibit toxic health effects at high concentrations. Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkenes and alkynes, are similarly inert in the body. Examples of ahphatic hydrocarbons and their 8-hour time-weighted average TLVs are n-hexane (50 ppm), hexane (500 ppm), and octane (300 ppm). 

M. Abdulla, B. M. Nait, and R. K. Chandra, eds.. Proceedings of An International Symposium, Health Effects and Interactions of Essential and Toxic Elements, Nutrition Research, Suppl. 1, Peigamon Press, New York, 1985. 

Silver compounds having anions that are inherently toxic, eg, silver arsenate and silver cyanide, can cause adverse health effects. The reported rat oral LD values for silver nitrate, silver arsenate [13510-44-6] and silver cyanide are 500—800 (29), 200—400 (29), and 123 mg/kg (30), respectively. Silver compounds or complexes ia which the silver ion is not biologically available, eg, silver sulfide and silver thiosulfate complexes, are considered to be without adverse health effects and essentially nontoxic. 

The health effects of sorbic acid and sorbates have been reviewed (165—167). The extremely low toxicity of sorbic acid enhances its desirabiHty as a food preservative. The oral LD q for sorbic acid in rats is 7—10 g/kg body weight compared to 5 g/kg for sodium chloride (165—169). In subacute and chronic toxicity tests in rats, 5% sorbic acid in the diet results in no abnormal effects after 90 days or lifetime feeding studies. A level of 10% in rat diets results in a slight enlargement of the Hver, kidneys, and thyroid gland (170). This same dietary level fed to mice also resulted in an increase in Hver and kidney weight... 

Health and Safety Factors. Carbonyl sulfide is dangerously poisonous, more so because it is practically odorless when pure. It is lethal to rats at 2900 ppm. Studies show an LD q (rat, ip) of 22.5 mg/kg. The mechanism of toxic action appears to iavolve breakdowa to hydrogea sulfide (36). It acts principally on the central nervous system with death resulting mainly from respiratory paralysis. Little is known regarding the health effects of subacute or chronic exposure to carbonyl sulfide a 400-p.g/m max level has been suggested until more data are available (37). Carbon oxysulfide has a reported inhalation toxicity in mice LD q (mouse) = 2900 ppm (37). 

Human Health Effects. Any assessment of adverse human health effects from PCBs should consider the route(s) of and duration of exposure the composition of the commercial PCB products, ie, degree of chlorination and the levels of potentially toxic PCDF contaminants. As a result of these variables, it would not be surprising to observe significant differences in the effects of PCBs on different groups of occupationally-exposed workers. 

Health Effects Assessment for Hexavalent Chromium, EPA/540/1-86-019, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Sept. 1984 Toxicological Profile for Chromium, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ASTDR), ASTDR/TP-88/10,1989. 

Polymers. Studies to determine possible exposure of workers to residual epichl orohydrin and ethylene oxide monomers in the polymers have been done. Tests of warehouse air where Hydrin H and Hydrin C are stored showed epichl orohydrin levels below 0.5 ppm. Air samples taken above laboratory mixing equipment (Banbury mixer and 6" x 12" mill) when compounds of Hydrin H or C were mixed gave epichl orohydrin levels below detectable limits, and ethylene oxide levels less than 0.2 ppm, well below permissible exposure limits (46). A subacute vapor inhalation toxicity study in which animals were exposed to emission products from compounded Parel 58 suggests that no significant health effects would be expected in workers periodically exposed to these vapors (47). 

IDLH means immediately dangerous to life and health. This is a concentration at which immediate action is required. The exac4 effect on an individual depends on the individuals physical condition and susceptibility to the toxic agent involved. It is the maximum airborne contamination concentration from which one could escape within 30 min without any escape-impairing symptoms or irreversible health effects (developed by NIOSH). 

ACUTE TOXICITY Advcfse health effects occumng within a short time period of exposure to a single dose of a chemical or as a result of multiple exposures over a short time period, e.g. 24 hours. 

CHRONIC TOXICITY Advcfsc health effects resulting from repeated daily exposures to a chemical for a significant period. 

Aromatic amine curing agents sensitizers, longterm health effects, absorbed through skin respiratory irritants sensitizers moderate to high toxicity... 

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