Copper sulfate toxicity

Pentafluorobenzene. Pentafluoroben2ene has been prepared by several routes multistage saturation—rearomati2ation process based on fluorination of ben2ene with cobalt trifluoride reductive dechlorination of chloropentafluoroben2ene with 10% pabadium-on-carbon in 82% yield (226,227) and oxidation of penta uorophenylbydra2ine in aqueous copper sulfate at 80°C in 77% yield (228). Its ioni2ation potential is 9.37 V. One measure of toxicity is LD q = 710 mg/kg (oral, mouse) (127). 

Copper sulfate, in small amounts, activates the zinc dust by forming zinc—copper couples. Arsenic(III) and antimony(TTT) oxides are used to remove cobalt and nickel they activate the zinc and form intermetaUic compounds such as CoAs (49). Antimony is less toxic than arsenic and its hydride, stibine, is less stable than arsine and does not form as readily. Hydrogen, formed in the purification tanks, may give these hydrides and venting and surveillance is mandatory. The reverse antimony procedure gives a good separation of cadmium and cobalt. 

Depending on the dose and temperature regime, the screening effect azomopine is observed after intoxication by chlorophos. The survival of white rats injected with this preparation is 50% higher than that of control rats. When toxic doses of copper sulfate were injected for 7 days, 70 and 36% of the rats survived. After the simultaneous injection of azomopine, their survival increased to 100 and 70% (74MI1). 

As a result of variation shown in toxicity, the evaluation of technologies applicable for discharge control, and treatment by some compounds within the industrial chemicals, the SIC 281 groups are further subdivided into 11 subcategories.23 They are aluminum fluoride, chlor-alkali, chrome pigments, copper sulfate, hydrofluoric acid, hydrogen cyanide, nickel sulfate, sodium bisulfate, sodium... 

Wastewater treatment in the copper sulfate industry can further be improved, particularly the removal of the toxic metals, through sulfide precipitation, ion exchange, and xanthate processes. Addition of ferric chloride alongside alkaline precipitation can improve the removal of arsenic in the wastewater. 

Han F.X., Hargreaves J., Kingery W.L., Huggett D.B., Schlenk D.K. Accumulation, distribution and toxicity of copper in soils of catfish pond receiving periodic copper sulfate applications. J Environ Qual 2001b 30 912-919. 

Copper sulfate is used to control protozoan fish ectoparasites including Ichthyopthirius, Tri-chodina, and Costia. The effectiveness of the treatment diminishes with increasing total alkalinity and total hardness of the water (Straus and Tucker 1993). Copper compounds now used to control protozoan parasites of cultured red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) include copper sulfate, copper sulfate plus citric acid, and chelated copper compounds (forms of copper bound by sequestering agents, such as ethanolamine) chelated copper compounds are considered less toxic to fish than copper sulfate and at least as effective in controlling parasites (Peppard etal. 1991). 

Reardon, L.S. and R.M. Harrell. 1990. Acute toxicity of formalin and copper sulfate to striped bass fingerlings held in varying salinities. Aquaculture 87 255-270. 

Straus, D.L. and C.S. Tucker. 1993. Acute toxicity of copper sulfate and chelated copper to channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Jour. World Aquacult. Soc. 24 390-395. 

Ingestion of copper sulfate by humans causes vomiting, cramps, convulsions, and as little as 27 grams of the compound may cause deulh. An important part of the toxicity of copper to both plants and animals is probably due to its combination with thiol groups of certain enzymes, thereby inactivating them. The effects ol chronic exposure to copper in animals are cirrhosis of the liver, failure of growth, and jaundice. 

Zinc absorption is inhibited by most food and the elevated plasma level lasts only 5 h after a dose thus it is better given five or six times a day, 1 h before or after meals. Zinc acetate may be better tolerated than the sulfate salt. Brewer prefers 25 mg elemental zinc, administered as the acetate, five or six times a day.53 Zinc is relatively non-toxic as a drug. If more than 1 g zinc is ingested in a single dose, toxic symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, drowsiness and lethargy may occur. A more significant toxicity problem is zinc-induced copper deficiency which can be corrected with a supplement of 0.5 mg of copper as copper sulfate per day.53... 

There are a few important drugs that cause nausea and vomiting as undesirable side actions when used in therapeutic dosage, and perhaps a larger number that induce the state as part of a serious toxic reaction to them in overdosage, but the number that is used intentionally to cause the patient to vomit is relatively small. Here, the following four — ipecac, apomorphine, mustard, copper sulfate — are considered as a group. 

Metal colorants such as copper sulfate, ferricyanide, and ferrocyanide compounds can be irritating or highly toxic. If a colorant reacts with the metal, irritating acid fumes can be released. 

Lloyd R. 1961. The toxicity of mixtures of zinc and copper sulfates to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Ann Appl Biol 49 535-538. 

Soluble copper salts are extremely toxic both to higher plants and to the lower groups such as algae as well as to the fungi and bacteria that may attack them. The addition of lime to copper sulfate to precipitate a relatively insoluble basic copper sulfate provided among other properties an aqueous concentration of cupric ion sufficient to combat the fungi but insufficient to interfere with, except marginally, the normal metabolic processes of the plant. 

Chalcanthite is copper sulfate, often used as a poison, and sometimes as a pigment. Melanterite is a highly poisonous product of the decomposition of pyrite and marcasite. This white powdery material can often be found on deteriorating jewelry or other items made of iron sulfides. It is mentioned here because of its extreme toxicity. 

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