Towers, electric power

Wet scrubbers rely on a liquid spray to remove dust particles from a gas stream. They are primarily used to remove gaseous emissions, with particulate control a secondary function. The major types are venturi scrubbers, jet (fume) scrubbers, and spray towers or chambers. Venturi scrubbers consume large quantities of scrubbing liquid (such as water) and electric power and incur high pressure drops. Jet or fume scrubbers rely on the kinetic energy of the liquid stream. The typical removal efficiency of a jet or fume scrubber (for particles 10 g. or less) is lower than that of a venturi scrubber. Spray towers can handle larger gas flows with minimal pressure drop and are therefore often used as precoolers. Because wet scrubbers may contribute to corrosion, removal of water from the effluent gas of the scrubbers may be necessary. 

None No flow -chlorination loop Pump failure. Loss of electric power to pump. No chlorine flow to tower basin. Low chlorine concentration in tower basin. Chlorination pump malfunction alarm. 1 ... 

Loss of utilities including electrical power, steam, cooling tower water, instrument air, and nitrogen. 

The cooling tower blowdown flow rate range of 82 steam electric power generation plants using coal is 0-152,000 m /plant (mean 8440 m /plant), which is equal to 0-239 mVMW (mean 11.2 mVMW). 

Various poisonous chemical components in geothermal steam escape into the atmosphere from electric power plants via ejector exhausts, cooling towers, silencers, and drains and traps. These compounds include H2S, B, Hg, As, and Rn. Other compounds of environmental concern in geothermal steam, although not poisonous, include C02 and CH4. Apparently, not much attention has been paid to airborne poisons in geothermal steam other than H2S. This noxious gas has an unpleasant smell when present in low and harmless concentrations. When more strongly concentrated, H2S can paralyse the olfactory nerves and thus becomes odourless, and eventually lethal. 

Presently, the United States accounts for 50% of the world cooling tower market. About 25% of the U.S. market is with the petrochemical industry, 15% involved in personal comfort and 60% with electric power generation [1]. More than twice as many of these towers are mechanical draft, as opposed to natural draft, units. The former type are employed nationwide,... 

In the smaller cooling tower installations employed for refrigeration and air conditioning service, induced-draft propeller-type air movers are used. A favored design utilizes the rotary centrifugal squirrel cage blower, which is normally driven by electric motors connected to the rotors by V-belts. Because of lower fan efficiency, these often use more electric power to achieve the same results as propeller fans. 

Periodic Cooling Towers for Electric Power Plants... 

Methods for Rejecting Waste Heat from Steam-Electric Power Plants (Including Natural and Mechanical Draft Evaporative Cooling Towers, and Dry Cooling Towers)... 

The potential of wind energy to produce large-scale electric power is focused on the development of wind-turbine tower technology from current sizes of 1 to 3 MWe to turbines that will produce 3 to 5 MWe. The number of 5 MW wind turbines that could produce 9 PWh/a by 2050, estimated for an average electricity generating ratio of 3 GWh per installed MW (American Wind Association, 2007), would be about 600 000. These would be located in areas of sufficient mean annual wind speeds for commercial operation and as an auxiliary resource in other locations. 

Some other representative cost relationships can also be found in this reference (12), but these cannot be used as a substitute for data from the supplier. In general, the equipment costs include the following components fans, water pumps to dehver the water to the top of the tower, tower structure and packing, exterior covering, and electrical installation. The principal operating and maintenance costs are electrical power for pumping water and air, operating and maintenance labor, and chemicals to raise the pH. 

To complete the design, the pressure drop through the two sections must be computed from the manufacturer s data. The cost of the structure, packing, and pumps must be computed. The electrical power consumption can be compnted from the air pressnre drop and the height of the tower together with the volume flows of air and water. 

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