Total approach

If the focus is on a wide variety of additives in polyolefins only the OSM/TSM procedure of Marcato and Vianello [210] appears to be far reaching, despite the fact that this total design approach must have required considerable effort in terms of method development. On the other hand, in comparison considerably more method development and optimisation appears to be necessary for SFE of a single polymer/additive matrix, but even then still without the demonstrated benefit of a total approach [322]. Where analyte integrity is of greater concern recourse should be taken to less... 

Medlin, L., Kooistra, W., and Schmid, A.-M. (2000). A review of the diatoms—A total approach using molecules, morphology and geology. In The Origin and Early Evolution of the Diatoms Fossil, Molecular, and Biogeographical Approaches (Witkowski, A., and Siemenska, J., eds.). W. Szafer Institute for Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, pp. 13-35. 

It is common to analyse for trace metals in the residual fraction. In this situation, the latter should contain naturally occurring minerals which may hold trace metals within their crystalline matrix. Such metals are not likely to be released under normal environmental conditions. The residual fraction is digested by using a pseudo-total approach with aqua regia as most metal pollutants are not silicate-bound. However, for complete digestion, hydrofluoric acid is required. 

This total approach to the integration of quality takes suppliers and users close to a performance guarantee that materials and processes will perform as specified. 

Firstly, the synthetic processes were assessed to investigate possible reduction in the use of raw materials, solvents and catalysts. Any wastes produced were then studied with respect to solvent recovery by distillation and reuse in the original process. Parts of the waste not reusable were assessed for separation and sale to third parties for recovery and reuse. Finally, any non-recoverable wastes were assessed for incineration with consequent heat recovery potential. Safe physico-chemical aqueous treatment processes for the final effluent then became minor and relatively cheap. An important factor in the total approach was to determine the cost-effectiveness of each recycling possibility. If internal use was not viable, then the marketing department attempted to find alternative outlets or, as a last resort, the energy value for steam co-generation by incineration was extracted. 

Hydrofluoric acid is used in an early part of the process but is recovered as an integral part of the manufacturing scheme and does not go through to the waste treatment plant. The overall impact of this total approach was to achieve ... 

A spin-off from these total approach waste minimisation techniques is that Hovione now market their know-how to third parties under the name Greencycle Technologies . A combination of R D and engineering expertise is offered to the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries to solve other waste minimisation problems. A new business opportunity has thus been created and marketed from a simple concept and expertise built up over a ten year period. 

Of course, Hovione s particular approach applies only to their own manufacturing programme. The techniques can be applied generally, with specific modification for particular circumstances, to any manufacturing operation, provided the economics are attractive. As new techniques are developed for solvent recovery and reuse they can be easily incorporated into established systems if the total approach strategy, adopted by Hovione, is in place. 

Campbell RM, Monheit GD. Chemical peeling. In Goldberg DJ, editor. Facial rejuvenation a total approach. Heidelberg Springer 2008. p. 124 6. 

Alternatively, one can calculate PRESS for each component up to, say, 10 or 15, and use the model which gives the lowest PRESS/(Af — A — 1). This total approach is computationally much more taxing, and the practical difference from the sequential CV results seems to be small. 

TRA 04] Traverse P., Lacaze L, Souyris J., Airbus fly-by-wire a total approach to dependability , 18th IFIP World Computer Congress, Toulouse, p. 191-212,2004. 

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