Topical preparations antibacterial agents

There are hundreds of topical steroid preparations that are available for the treatment of skin diseases. In addition to their aforementioned antiinflammatory effects, topical steroids also exert their effects by vasoconstriction of the capillaries in the superficial dermis and by reduction of cellular mitosis and cell proliferation especially in the basal cell layer of the skin. In addition to the aforementioned systemic side effects, topical steroids can have adverse local effects. Chronic treatment with topical corticosteroids may increase the risk of bacterial and fungal infections. A combination steroid and antibacterial agent can be used to combat this problem. Additional local side effects that can be caused by extended use of topical steroids are epidermal atrophy, acne, glaucoma and cataracts (thus the weakest concentrations should be used in and around the eyes), pigmentation problems, hypertrichosis, allergic contact dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, and granuloma gluteale infantum (251). 

Clindamycin 1% and erythromycin 2% preparations, applied once or twice daily, have similar effects and are the most commonly prescribed topical antibacterial agents.17 These agents, as well as sodium sulfacetamide, are available in various formulations for the treatment of acne. 

Docusate sodium is a preparation used for softening ear wax before removal. Hydrocortisone is a corticosteroid, whereas gentamicin, neomycin and clioquinol are antibacterial agents. Otitis externa may be managed by the use of antibacterial preparations used alone or in combination with topical corticosteroids. 

Topical antibacterial agents are used to prevent infection and in the early treatment of infected dermatoses and wounds. Various preparations contain corticosteroids in addition to antibacterial agents. 

The classes of drug for which topical veterinary preparations are commercially available include ectoparasiticides, antibacterial agents, antifungal... 

In the treatment of secondarily infected dermatoses, which are usually colonized with streptococci, staphylococci, or both, compound antiinflammatory and antibacterial preparations are indicated when the underlying disorder has been diagnosed. Corticosteroids do not appear to inhibit the activity of antibacterial agents in compound preparations for topical application. Examples of topical compound preparations include betamethasone valerate-fusidic acid gel (for dogs), betamethasone sodium phosphate-neomycin sulphate cream (for dogs and cats), prednisolone-neomycin sulphate-nitrofurazone ointment (for horses, dogs and cats). The use of compound preparations is contra-indicated in pregnant animals. 

ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS A number of antibiotics have been formulated for topical ocular use (Table 63-2). Appropriate selection of antibiotic and route of administration is dependent on the patient s symptoms, the clinical examination, and the culture/sensitivity results. Specially formulated antibiotics also may be extemporaneously prepared by pharmacists for serious eye infections such as comeal infiltrates or ulcers and endophthalmitis. 

Uses fungistat and antibacterial agent in topical pharmaceutical preparations (5,7-dichloro-2-methyl-8-quinolinol, Sterosan)... 

Nifuroxime. The anti form of the oxime prepared from 5-nitro-2-furancarboxaldehyde and hydroxylarnine, has been marketed for topical use as an antibacterial or an antifungal agent (1,17). 

Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic which acts as a polycationic amphiphile. It is used in topical creams, ointments, lotions, eye preparations and eardrops, and as an antibacterial preservative agent in some vaccines. Neomycin exhibits exceptional activity against Gram-negative bacteria and also has partial activity against Grampositive bacteria [72],... 

Since cannabinoids are phenolics, their antibacterial activity is not surprising however, their potency and the activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains are remarkable. Data on the antibiotic activity of CBC [75], CBG [76], CBD [77], and A -THC [77] have been obtained, and C. saliva preparations have been investigated as topical antiseptic agents. More recently, the potential of the major cannabinoids to address antibiotic resistance to methicillin-resistant... 

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