Tonsil antigens

Apart from the spleen, other lymphoid tissues, such as tonsils and the mesenteric or popliteal lymph nodes, can be used as a source of lymphocytes. In the preparation of MABs of human or veterinary origins it is often not possible to obtain lymphoid tissue, and there have been many reports of the successful use of lymphocytes separated from peripheral blood. In some cases, for ethical or practical reasons, it is not possible to immunize the lymphocyte donor, as when human MABs are required, or acutely toxic antigens are used. Also, antigen is not always available in sufficient quantities to perform a successful immunization in vivo. In these circumstances, it may be possible to perform the boosting stage or, indeed, the entire immunization procedure on the lymphocytes in vitro. 

The spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue comprise the secondary or peripheral system wherein T and B lymphocytes undergo terminal differentiation in response to antigen stimulation. 

Antigens bcl-2, CD3, and CD79a in tonsil tissue embedded in methyl methacrylate show superior immunostaining with trypsin followed by superheating at 121°C in a pressure cooker compared with that obtained with microwave heating only (Hand and Church 1998). 

This need may arise when a limited number of slides is available. For this type of study, heat-induced antigen retrieval should be carried out only once. One such treatment lasts for many months. Repeated use of antigen retrieval tends to cause background staining. Such an approach has been successfully used for staining epithelial membrane antigens and cytokeratin in the tonsil tissue fixed with Bouin s fixative (Roche et al 2000). 

Frank, G., Gorfien, J., Mendel, S., D Auria, P., Brodsky, L., and Noble, B., 1999. Comparison of staining methods to detect interleukin-1 beta an antigen presenting cells and surface epithelial cells in the tonsil. J. Histotechnol. 22 97-102. 

Parenteral Route. Parenteral vaccination remains the immunization method of choice for most antigens because it provides more effective immune response than do any other routes of vaccination in most cases. Every years millions of people receive inactivated influenza vaccine by parenteral administration. Subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated influenza vaccine is known to induce simultaneous immune responses in the blood and upper respiratory tract of subjects. The immune response, i.e., the increase in the number of influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells in peripheral blood and tonsils, increased rapidly to reach a peak within 1 week after vaccination.Parenteral vaccination of a DNA vaccine encoding glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 resulted in systemic cellular and humoral responses. The mucosal humoral responses generated by intramuscular and intradermal vaccination were comparable with those obtained by mucosal vaccination. The DNA vaccine was able to... 

In a randomized open study, 325 children aged 2-15 years with acute tonsillitis and a positive test for Streptococcus pyogenes antigen were treated with josamycin 25 mg/kg bd for 5 days, or penicillin 50 000-100 000 lU/day for 10 days in five patients taking josamycin treatment was withdrawn because of gastrointestinal adverse events (nausea/vomiting) (1). 

Restriction of dietary gluten is effective in patients with celiac disease, but not in patients with no identifiable nephritogenic antigens. Phenytoin was evaluated because of its ability to reduce the amount of polymeric IgA in the circulation. Although phenytoin reduced serum IgA concentrations and frequency of macroscopic hematuria, the glomerular lesions deteriorated in some of the patients despite treatment. Removal of the tonsils, which produce IgAi and may contribute to IgA nephropathy, may reduce proteinuria and hematuria however, the beneficial effect of tonsillectomy on renal function longterm has not yet been substantiated. ... 

CD20 Human B-lymphocyte antigen L26 33-kD non-glycosylated membrane spanning protein Human tonsil B lymphocyte Ventana NA HIER... 

Fig.1 Detection of CD3 T-lymphocyte antigen in 16-h formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded reactive human tonsil sections. In the absence of HIER the antigen is not detectable in the tissue fixed in neat formaldehyde, but it is stained in tissues fixed either in mixed (formaldehyde and coagulant) or in coagulative fixatives. Increasing the HIER treatment time (PC 2.50 does not substantially improve immunostaining, but adversely affects tissue morphology.

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