Toluene dilution ratio

Because tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is virtuaHy colorless, it is used in lacquer formulations for aH colors as weU as water-white clear products. More speciftcaHy, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is a wetting dispersant for most pigments. It has a high boiling point, high toluene dilution ratio, and good miscibility with oils, eg, linseed and soya, and is an exceUent solvent for a wide range of resins. 

Properties Water-white liquid. D 0.8166 (20/20C), bp 150.6C, vap press 2.6 mm Hg (20C), flash p 102F (38.9C), autoign temp 99IF (532C), refr index 1.4110 (20C), bulk d 6.8 lb/gal (20C), nitrocellulose-toluene dilution ratio 3.9, fp -35C. Almost insoluble in water miscible with organic solvents. Combustible. 

Properties Colorless liquid, esterlike odor. Slower rate of evaporation than amyl acetate. Bp 176-193C, d 0.941, flash p 147F (64C) (CC), toluene dilution ratio 2.5. Combustible. 

Aeidity (as butyric) Boiling point Distillation range Critical temperature Toluene dilution ratio Dryness... 

The toluene dilution ratio is used for rating solvency of oxygenated solvents. This test method involves the determination of the volume ratio of toluene to active solvent required to cause precipitation in a standard solution of nitrocellulose. Toluene dilution ratios vary from approximately 6 for very strong solvents to approximately 1.5 for weak solvents. 

If a non-solvent is added dropwise to a cellulose nitrate solution, the cellulose nitrate eventually separates as a precipitate or gel. The volumetric ratio of non-solvent to solvent that is still tolerated in the solution is termed the dilution ratio. The dilution ratio is an empirical, dimensionless quantity that provides information on the solvency of a solvent or solvent mixture. In order to determine the dilution ratio toluene or butanol is used as diluent (non-solvent). 

Mixtures of two solvents frequently have a higher dilution ratio than the pure components ether-alcohol and toluene ethanol mixtures are better solvents for cellulose nitrate than any of the pure solvents ethyl acetate and butyl acetate are... 

Table 7. Dependence of the dilution ratio on temperature (solute = cellulose nitrate diluent = toluene)...

Cellulose nitrate, g Butyl acetate, mL Toluene, mL Dilution ratio... 

Figure 16 (curve 2), depicts the experimentally obtained thickness for toluene-diluted bitumen emulsion films. At an industry-relevant diluent ratio of about 1 1 toluene to bitumen, the film thickness values scattered within a large range from about 50 to 60 nm. These films required long... 

Another empirical test to compare the performance of organic solvents is the dilution ratio (Table 13.6). This involves adding dropwise the solvent under test into a toluene solution of cellulose... 

Table 13.6 Dilution ratio for a solution of cellulose nitrate in toluene...

This colorless liquid has a mild and agreeable odor ond combines o low evoporotion rate with a strong solvent action. It is miscible In all proportions with acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, methanol and water. It has a powerful solvent action on nitrocellulose and alkyd resins and an extremely high dilution ratio with coal-tar hydrocarbons. This solvent will tolerate 4.9 times its own volume of toluene before the mixture will ceose to dissolve nitrocellulose, while butyl acetate will tolerate only 2.9 times its volume. 

Molecular weight Boiling point, °C Flash point TCC)°F Evaporation rate Bu Ac = 1.0 Specific gravity 25°/2S C Pounds per gallon, 25°C Viscosity, cs, 25°C Vapor pressure 25°C (mm Hg) Surface tension (dynes/cm) Dilution ratio Toluene Naphtha... 

I Dilution ratios were determined by dissoiving 2 g ol dried nilrocelluiose in 20 ml ol DOWANOL glycol ether and adding toluene or naphtha imW the nitrocellolose precipitated. The volume of toluene or naphtha required divided by 20 was taken as the dilution ratio. 

Dilution Ratio, toluene 4.6 Autoignition Temperature (ASTM D-2155), ... 

Dilution Ratio, toluene 4.0 NFPA Classification 30 Flammable liqu... 

Solvent Rate Dilution Ratio (Toluene) Blush Rosistanca, % R.N. at eo p. Specific Gravity, 20/20 C. Plash Paint, Tag Open Cup, P. Boiling Rangt, 760 mm., C. 

Isophorone is a stable, colorless, volatile liquid with a mild odor. It is only slightly soluble in water, but miscible with most lacquer solvents. It is an excellent solvent for many types of cellulose esters, cellulose ethers, oils, fats, gums and resins, both natural and synthetic. It is the most powerful solvent for nitrocellulose and "Vinylite" resins. Isophorone has one of the highest oromatic hydrocarbon dilution ratios for nitrocellulose—5.7 for toluene ond 5.1 for xylene, it will dissolve 30% of "Vinyllte" resin without gelling. At ordinary temperatures solutions can be made of second RS nitrocellulose containing 45% solids. Isophorone is used in the manufacture of coatings, inks, stencil pastes and as a thinner in synthetic resin finishes. 

Evaporation Rate (n-butyl acetate = 1) Dilution Ratio, toluene... 

Dilution ratio, DR, is used to express the tolerance of solvents to diluents, most frequently, toluene. DR is the volume of a solvent added to a given solution that causes precipitation of the dissolved resin. This ratio can characterize the compatibility of a diluent with a resin solution in primary solvent. When compatibility is high, more diluent can be added. Only a multi-parameter approach provides a satisfactory correlation with solubility parameters. DR depends on the polymer concentration. With polymer concentration increasing, DR increases as well. T emperature influences DR in a similar manner. Determination of DR must be performed at standard conditions. DR can be related to the solubility parameters but such correlation depends on concentration. 

The dilution ratio is the maximum number of units of diluent that can be added to unit volume of solvent before precipitation occurs. Cellulose nitrate dissolved in an oxygenated solvent (8 wt% resin) is the most classical method to determine dilution ratio used to evaluate toluene as a standard diluent and to compare different diluents and solvents with a standard solvent (n-butyl acetate). The standard dilution ratio of toluene by n-butyl acetate... 

Also the paint industry, formerly the main end-user of solvents, attempted to produce a quantitative solvent power data system [5]. This related solvency to certain standard solutes, used in their industry. These could either be a well-known natural (Kauri-resin) or later a synthetic (nitrocellulose) paint binder. The result was the introduction of the Kauri-Butanol number, which applies to hydrocarbon solvents only and the NC-dilution ratio which is used for oxygenated solvents. Another test, used in conjunction with hydrocarbon solvents, is based on the fact that aniline is hardly miscible with aliphatic hydrocarbons but mixes very well with aromatics. The Kauri-Butanol (KB) number as defined in ASTM D 1133 is a measure of the tolerance of a standard solution of Kauri resin in -butanol to hydrocarbon diluent. Standard hydrocarbon solvents used to calibrate the Kauri solution are toluene (KB-number 105) and a 75% v -heptane/25% v toluene blend (KB-number 40). The KB-value increases from approx. 20 to over 100 in the order ... 

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