Scattering values for

Kastner et al. [25] also reported Raman spectra of cathode core material containing nested tubules. The spectral features were all identified with tubules, including weak D-band scattering for which the laser excitation frequency dependence was studied. The authors attribute some of the D-band scattering to curvature in the tube walls. As discussed above, Bacsa et al. [26] reported recently the results of Raman studies on oxidatively purified tubes. Their spectrum is similar to that of Hiura et al. [23], in that it shows very weak D-band scattering. Values for the frequencies of all the first- and second-order Raman features reported for these nested tubule studies are also collected in Table 1. 

Another utilization of statistical theory Is to decide if two specimens are the same or different when the measurements performed on each specimen generate the two samples xi, X2... x and xi, X2 ... Xk containing scattered values. For this purpose, the two averages m and m and the two standard deviations s and s are calculated. It can be shown that If the samples are large enough, the variable ... 

Optical scattering in paper is an extrinsic property that depends on how the paper has been produced. For example, a sample of paper can be calendered differently and will have different optical scatter characteristics. Thus, it is not possible to quote an absolute scatter value for a particular type of paper fibre or mineral filler pigment. It is only possible to quote a value for the system of fibre and filler under a very particular set of production parameters, and to track how the value changes as the system and production parameters are changed. 

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