Tobacco smoke sidestream

Nonvolatile Nitrosamines In Tobacco Smoke. Although there are more than 10 million exsmokers in the U.S.A., 53 million adults continue to smoke cigarettes and an additional 10 million still smoke cigars or pipes (39). The cigarette smokers are exposed to about 10 ng of volatile nitrosamines, 20-40 ng of NDELA and, most importantly, to 1-10 pg of tobacco specific N-nitros-amines with each cigarette smoked (Table IV). Similar quantities of the TSNA are found in sidestream smoke. The quantities of TSNA in the smoke are dependent on nitrate, nitrite, tobacco alkaloids and on NNN, NNK and NAT in the tobacco itself (31)>... 

Reported levels of cyanide in tobacco smoke are quite variable. Cyanide levels in mainstream (inhaled) smoke from U.S. commercial cigarettes have been reported to range from 10 to 400 pg per cigarette, with the ratio of cyanide concentration in sidestream smoke to mainstream smoke ranging from 0.006 to 0.27... 

Levels of cyanide and its metabolite thiocyanate in blood serum and plasma, urine, and saliva have been used as indicators of cyanide exposure in humans, particularly in workers at risk of occupational exposures, in smokers or nonsmokers exposed to sidestream or environmental tobacco smoke, in populations exposed to high dietary levels of cyanide, and in other populations with potentially high exposures (see Section 5.6). The correlation between increased cyanide exposure and urinary thiocyanate levels was demonstrated in workers exposed to 6.4-10.3 ppm cyanide in air (El Ghawabi et al. 1975). In another study, blood cyanide concentrations were found to vary from 0.54 to 28.4 pg/100 mL in workers exposed to approximately 0.2-0.8 ppm cyanide in air, and from 0.0 to 14.0 pg/100 mL in control workers... 

Guerin MR, Higgins CE, Jenkins RA. 1987. Measuring environmental emissions from tobacco combustion sidestream cigarrette smoke literature review. Atmos Env 21(2) 291-297. 

Tobacco smoke and iV-nitrosation are the focus of intense research activity. Workers in the field use the following concepts Tobacco-specific /V-nitrosamines (TSNA) mainstream tobacco smoke (MSTS), smoke inhaled in a puff sidestream tobacco smoke (SSTS), smoke evolved by smoldering cigarettes between puffs nitroso organic compounds (NOC), referring especially to IV-nitrosamines volatile NOC (VNOC) and iV-nitroso amino acids (NAA). 

P7 Over the past decade, electron monochromator-mass spectrometry (EM-MS) has been shown to be a selective and sensitive technique for the analysis of a wide variety of electrophilic compounds in complex matrixes. Here, for the hrst time, three different dinitroaniline pesticides, flumetralin, pendimethalin, and trifluralin, have been shown to be present in both mainstream and sidestream tobacco smoke using an EM-MS system. (From Dane et ah, 2006)... 

NTl 64 Sonnenfeld, G. Effect of sidestream tobacco smoke components on alpha/ beta interferon production. Oncology 1983 40(1) 52-56. 

The analysis of tobacco smoke is a subject of numerous studies [51-55], Both mainstream smoke and sidestream smoke are complex mixtures in which about 4000 compounds have been identified [55a], As indicated previously (see Section 3.5) smoke is more complex than tobacco pyrolysate, because besides pyrolysis, some other processes such as combustion, distillation, and aerosol formation occur during smoking. 

Smokers and persons who live in a home with a cigarette smoker also may be exposed to higher levels of formaldehyde. Environmental tobacco smoke, which is a combination of diluted sidestream smoke released from a cigarette s burning end and mainstream smoke exhaled by an active smoker, can contribute 10-25% (0.1-1 mg/day) of the total average indoor exposure to formaldehyde (Fishbein 1992). 

Tobacco smoke exposure is undoubtedly an important risk factor for allergic rhinitis and asthma. However, the precise role of chemicals from smoke on IgE sensitisation is not known, and ftirther studies are necessary. Both active smokers and non-smokers exposed to ETS have been found to be affected adversely. ETS - consisting of mainstream smoke which has been inhaled and exhaled by the primary smoker, and sidestream smoke which arises directly from a burning cigarette - contains many agents that have pathological effects on human tissues [251 (IV), 252(111)]. 

Bascom R, Kesavanathan J, Fitzgerald TK, Cheng KH, Swift DL Sidestream tobacco smoke exposure acutely alters human nasal mucociliary clearance. Environ Health Perspect 1995 103 1026-1030. 

Back S.-O. and R.A. Jenkins Characterization of trace organic compounds associated with aged and diluted sidestream tobacco smoke in a controlled atmosphere-volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Atmos. Environ. 38 (2004) 6583-6599. 

Many of the isomeric Cg through Cgg alkanes have been identified in the organic solvent-soluble extracts from one or more of the major tobacco types (flue-cured, burley. Oriental, Maryland). Their presence in tobacco smoke is the result of their volatilization during the puff and smolder phases of the smoking process and subsequent direct transfer from the tobacco to its MSS and sidestream smoke (SSS). The bulk of these higher alkanes are found in the particulate phase of the smoke aerosol with traces of the lower ones (Cg-Cij) in the vapor phase. 

The numerous publications during the past two decades on the identification, quantitation, and bioassay of NNAs, particularly those found in tobacco-related entities [tobacco, mainstream smoke (MSS), sidestream cigarette smoke (SSS), and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)] raise the question as to why this class of tobacco/tobacco smoke components has received such emphasis. Since the early 1950s, several classes of compounds in tobacco smoke have been proposed as prime contributors to cancer of the respiratory tract in smokers. The events that triggered detailed examination of the composition of cigarette MSS included ... 

Several facts seem to exclude an importance of radicals in tobacco smoke condensate carcinogenesis. Even though sidestream smoke condensate contains only about one tenth the amount of free radicals found in the mainstream smoke condensate, the tumor response of both sidestream and mainstream tar on mouse skin is not different statistically. .. Since both types of radicals are present mainly in the particulate matter, it remains questionable whether in freshly generated tobacco smoke organic radicals participate in the carcinogenic effect. 

Adams, J.D. and K.D. Brannemann Analysis of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in sidestream tobacco smoke in Environmental carcinogens. 9. Passive smoking, edited by I.K. O NeiU, K.D. Brannemann, B. Dodet, and D. Hoffmann, lARC, Lyon, Prance, lARC Sci. Publ. No. 81 (1988) 231-238. 

Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International Seminar in tobacco science Sidestream smoke Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 17 (1997) 22-24. 

Brunnemann, K.D., J.D. Adams, D.P.S. Ho, and D. Hoffmann The influence of tobacco smoke on indoor atmospheres. II. Volatile and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream and sidestream smoke and their contribution to indoor poUntion Proc. 4th Joint Conf. on Sensing of Environmental PoUntants, New Orleans, LA, Am. Chem. Soc. (1977) 876-880. 

Brannemann, K.D.,G. Stahnke, andD. Hoffmann Volatile pyridines Quantitative analysis in main- and sidestream smoke of cigarettes and cigars. 31st Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 31, Paper No. 36, 1977, p. 19 Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. LXl. Volatile pyridines. Quantitative analysis in mainstream and sidestream smoke of cigarettes and cigars Anal. Lett. 7 (1978) 545-560. 

Caldwell, W.S. and J.M. Conner An improved method for the determination of volatile and tobacco-specihc V-nitrosamines in mainstream and sidestream tobacco smoke R DM, 1988, No. 38, January 27, see www.rjrt-docs.com 507037832-7851. 

Ciaravolo, S., G. Lionetti, F. Modestia, and A. Nunziata Speciation of chromium in mainstream and sidestream tobacco smoke using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy Manuscript, May (2005). Ciaravolo, S., F. Modestia, and L. Nappi Analytical procedures for the determination of volatile nitrosamines in cigarette smoke 59th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 59, Paper No. 43, 2005, p. 41. 

Gilhnan, LG. Jr, J.E. Eossett, N. Finkel, and R.D. Bereman Investigations into a rapid method for determining tobacco-specific A-nitrosamines and volatile nitrosamines in sidestream tobacco smoke using LC/ MS/MS with positive ion electrospray 56th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 56, Paper No. 36, 2002, p. 41. 

Conzalez, J.M. and J. Sarabia An interesting compound of the sidestream tobacco smoke Hexamethylenetetramine Proc. Smoke Croup Papers, CORESTA Cong, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain (1992) 127-141. 

Hoffmann, D. The physicochemical nature of sidestream smoke and environmental tobacco smoke Manuscript (post-October 1985). 

Eine Ubersicht) [Distribution of various tobacco smoke components in mainstream and sidestream smoke (A... 

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