Tibialis Anterior

The first peculiarity of muscle spectra is the possibility to differentiate two lipid compartments. Furthermore, the characteristics of the lipid signals depend on the chosen particular muscle and its orientation with respect to the magnetic field. Figure 15 shows a typical spectrum of the tibialis anterior muscle (TA) in comparison with a spectrum from the fatty bone marrow of... 

X 11 X 20) mm. (a) Cross-section of the human lower leg of a volunteer. Two volume elements in musculature and one voxel inside the tibial bone marrow are indicated, (b) Spectrum recorded from the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle shows low lipid content of approximately 1% volume fraction, (c) Spectrum from the soleus (SOL) muscle indicates higher lipid content than in TA. (d) Spectrum from yellow bone marrow with dominating signal from fatty acids in triglycerides. 

Fig. 30. Thirteen-year-old boy with desmin storage myopathy, (a) The T weighted image shows an atrophy of the tibialis anterior muscle (with the volume element indicated) and a fatty degeneration of the soleus muscle (arrow), (b) The spectrum from the tibialis anterior muscle shows prominent EMCL. TMA is reduced as indicated in the area of the 5-fold magnification.

Four cases of tendinopathy have been reported in three men and one woman taking statins (60). The diagnoses were extensor tenosynovitis in the hands, tenosynovitis of the tibialis anterior tendon, and Achilles tendinopathy. Two patients were taking simvastatin and two atorvastatin. The tendinopathy developed 1-2 months after the start of treatment. The outcome was consistently favorable within 1-2 months after drug withdrawal. 

Sacco, P., Jones, D.A., Dick, J.R., and Vrbova, G., 1992, Contractile properties and susceptibility to exercise-induced damage of normal and mdx mouse tibialis anterior muscle, Clin Sci (Lond), 82, pp 227-236. 

Neurogenic tibialis anterior hypertrophy with myalgia... 

Warifteine Inhibited indirectly stimulated twitch response of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles in anesthetized cats and isolated rat diaphragm effect antagonized by neostigmine methosulfate anesthetic 536... 

Fig. 20.10. The muscles of the lower hind limb in cross-section. In this image, anterior is down and medial is left. Abbreviations are as follows MG, medial gastrocnemius LG, lateral gastrocnemius Plant, plantaris PN, plantar nerve Sol, soleus Fib, fibula EDL, extensor digitorum longii TA, tibialis anterior Tib, tibia. The mouse muscles are predominantly fast muscle fibers, but the soleus is valuable for its high percentage of slow fibers. Note, the darker mass on the posterior portion of the leg is a lymph node that provides a convenient landmark when sectioning to establish that reproducible sections are examined in the proximal/distal axis. Also, the peripheral muscles in the section are the hamstrings, which insert along the tibia in the lower leg in the mouse. (Color figure is available online).

Simoneau, J-A., and D. Pette (1998). Species-specific effects of chronic stimulation upon tibialis anterior muscle in mouse, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit. Pflugers Arch. 412 86-92. 

Basson (1978), Basson Carlson (1980) described myotoxicity after single and repeated injections of mepivacaine in the rat. Young rats received single or repeated injections of 2% mepivacaine into the tibialis anterior or extensor digitorum longus muscles. Repeated injections consisted of 6 injections of the anesthetic (100 il per injection into the tibialis anterior) on different schedules, at intervals of 21/2 hours, 24 hours, or 4 days. The muscles were examined histologically for evidence of myotoxicity at 0 to 7 and 20 days after the last injection. Single injections showed that mepivacaine is a myotoxic... 

Twitches of the right tibialis anterior muscle are elicited at 0.15 Hz via the peroneal branch of the right... 

Driessen JJ, Vree TB, van Egmond J, Booij LH, Crul JF. Interaction of midazolam with two non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs in the rat in vivo sciatic nerve-tibialis anterior muscle preparation. Br J Anaesth 1985 57(ll) 1089-94. 

Cats (both sexes, 3-4.5 kg) were used throughout these experiments. The jugular vein and trachea of anaesthetized animals were cannulated for the i.v. administration of the poison and drugs, and artificial respiration, respectively. The m. tibialis anterior and n. ischiadicus were prepared according a technique described previously [8, 9, 10], The amplitude of contractions of tibial muscle after stimulation of ischiadic nerve was recorded. The animals premedicated with 5 mg/kg atropine, were intoxicated with 0.18 mg/kg Soman (15 LD50) i.v. The oximes were administrated 1 min after the full block of transmission (NMT). 

Fig. 3 Distribution of injected DNA vaccines. A rhodamine-conjugated DNA vaccine was injected into a tibialis anterior muscle of a mouse shown by light (panel A) and fluorescence (panel C) microscopy ( 5x magnification). A longitudinal section of the muscle is shown in panel B ( 250x magnification), demonstrating the presence of DNA in cells between the muscle fibers. Panel C shows the phagosomal location of the plasmid DNA (in red) within the cells isolated from the injected tissues ( 2500x magnification). (See Color Plate p. xxii).

Figure 10 Time-course of gene expression in muscles C57B1/6 mice (6-8 week old females) were injected with 5pg of pCMV-luc alone or formulated with SP1017 in tibialis anterior muscles. The muscles were harvested from day 1 to day 35 after injection and extracted with a lysis buffer to measure the ludferase activity. (From Ref. 89.)...

Tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus Gastrocnemius, soleus, and flexor hallucis longus Iliopsoas "... 

FIGURE 61.2 Simultaneous intramuscular pressure oscillations in the soleus (top panel) and the tibialis anterior (bottom panel) muscles during plantar- and dorsiflexion exercise. Soleus muscle is an integral part of the calf muscle pump. (From Murthy, G., Watenpaugh, D.E., Ballard, R.E. et al., 1994. /. Appl. Physiol. 76 2742. With permission.)... 

Measurements of lipids in muscle and bone have also been made. Ye et al. found significantly higher levels of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) in the tibialis anterior muscle of obese mice (Lep° /Lep° ) compared to control mice (Lep° / + heterozygous). Whereas, Xiao et al. have quantified the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) for extramyocellular lipids (EMCL) and IMCL in Sprague-Dawley rats along the direction perpendicular to muscle fibre orientation. The ADC for EMCL and IMCL were 13.8 0.9 X 10 and 4.6 0.7 x 10 mm s respectively. In bone. 

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