Soleus muscles

Juel, C. (1988), Intracellular pH recovery and lactate efflux in mouse soleus muscles stimulated in vitro The involvement of sodium/proton exchange and a lactate carrier. Acta Physiol. Scand. 132,... 

Figure 11.2 Loss of glutathione from isolated rat soleus muscles subjected to either repetitive, electrically stimulated, contractile activity ( a ), treated with the mitochondrial inhibitor 2,4-dinitrophenoi ( ) or untreated ( ). Vaiues significantly different to resting controi muscles, P < 0.05 P < 0.01. Redrawn from Jackson et al. (1991).

Isfort RJ et al. Proteomic analysis of the atrophying rat soleus muscle following denervation. Electrophoresis 2000 21 2228-2234. 

Several other studies also showed an association between IMCL accumulation and insulin resistance, however, there are also contradictory reports Krssak et al. studied a group of 23 normal weight non-diabetic adults without family history of diabetes and found a significant negative correlation between IMCL of soleus muscle and insulin sensitivity, but no relation between IMCL and BMI, age, and fasting plasma concentrations of triglycerides. 

Fig. 30. Thirteen-year-old boy with desmin storage myopathy, (a) The T weighted image shows an atrophy of the tibialis anterior muscle (with the volume element indicated) and a fatty degeneration of the soleus muscle (arrow), (b) The spectrum from the tibialis anterior muscle shows prominent EMCL. TMA is reduced as indicated in the area of the 5-fold magnification.

Fig. 31. Twenty-year-old woman with glutaric aciduria type I. (a) The Ti weighted image shows normal findings for the cross-section of the lower limb. The volume element for spectroscopy was chosen in the soleus muscle, (b) The 7-fold magnification depicts a reduction of TMA. Although no fatty degeneration is visible on the image, the spectrum is dominated by EMCL.

B. R. Newcomer and M. D. Boska, T1 measurements of 31P metabolites in resting and exercising human gastrocnemius/soleus muscle at 1.5 Tesla. Magn. Reson. Med., 1999, 41,486-494. 

Le Marchand-Brustel, Y. Heydrick, S.J. Jullien, D. Gautier, N. Van Ob-berghen, E. Effect of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I on glucose transport and its transporters in soleus muscle of lean and obese mice. Metab. Clin. Exp., 44, 18-23 (1995)... 

Fig. 1. Layout of titin in the sarcomere. Center panel electron micrograph of sarcomere of stretched soleus muscle fiber, labeled with anti-titin antibodies that demarcate the tandem Ig and PEVK spring elements of titin s extensible I-band region. Superimposed are two schematic titin molecules (one for each half sarcomere). Top and bottom panels domain structure of I-band and A-band sequence of titin, respectively (from Labeit and Kolmerer, 1995). Bottom left length of tandem Ig segment (proximal + distal segment) and PEVK segment in human soleus fibers, as function of sarcomere length (based on Trombitas et al., 1998b).

Trombitas, K., Greaser, M., and French, G. (1998a). PEVK extension of human soleus muscle titin revealed by immunolabeling with the anti-titin antibody 9D10./. Struct. Biol. 122, 188-196. 

Similar signs of toxicity were observed in male rats exposed to 4.2 mg/kg/day triethyltin bromide for 3 weeks (Richman and Bierkamper 1984). The rats developed hindlimb weakness in week 1 followed by paresis and paralysis by week 3. There was apparent recovery at the end of week 3. The primary histopathological findings were demyelination in the spinal cord, degeneration of axons of the sciatic nerve, and atrophy of fibers of the soleus muscle. This study demonstrated that both nerve and muscular components are involved in producing peripheral motor dysfunction. 

Richman EA, Bierkamper GG. 1984. Histopathology of spinal cord, peripheral nerve, and soleus muscle of rats treated with triethyltin bromide. Exp Neurol 86 122-133. 

Walmsley, B., Hodgson, J. A. and Burke, R. E. (1978) Forces produced by medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during locomotion In freely moving cats. J. Neurophysiol. 41 ... 

Horton, E.G. (1983) increased insulin sensitivity without altered insulin binding in rat soleus muscle. Excerpta Med. Int. Cong. Ser. 577, 162. 

Figure 1. The rate of protein synthesis in soleus muscles from rats fed different levels of dietary protein. Synthesis was measured as the incorporation of a radioactive amino acid (tyrosine) into muscle proteins. Data from Ref. 16.

Amylin is a 37-residue peptide hormone first discovered independently by two research groups in 1987 (78, 79). Amylin is secreted by pancreatic 3-cells at the same time as insulin (in a roughly 100 1 ratio), and it is the major component of diabetes-associated islet amyloid deposits. It inhibits basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake as well as glycogen synthesis by soleus muscles (80). Thus, amylin is also known as a diabetes-associated peptide. 

---