Thyroid Strong

Thyroid USP (Thymr, Thyroid Strong, S-P-T) is derived from dried and defatted thyroid glands of domestic an-... 

Thyroid desiccated [USP] (generic, Armour Thyroid, Thyroid Strong, Thyrar, S-P-T)... 

Synonyms Dry thyroid Desiccated thyroid Thy-reoidin Thyroid Strong, Thyroglobin Chemical/Pharmaceutical/Other Class Natural hormone that provides a mixture of levothyroxine (T4) and liothyronine (T3)... 

Armour Thyroid, Dathroid, Delcoid, S-P-T, Thermoloid, Thyrar, Thyrocrine, Thyroid Strong, Thyro-teric)... 

As regards toxicity, pyrazole itself induced hyperplasia of the thyroid, hepatomegaly, atrophy of the testis, anemia and bone marrow depression in rats and mice (72E1198). The 4-methyl derivative is well tolerated and may be more useful than pyrazole for pharmacological and metabolic studies of inhibition of ethanol metabolism. It has been shown (79MI40404) that administration of pyrazole or ethanol to rats had only moderate effects on the liver, but combined treatment resulted in severe hepatotoxic effects with liver necrosis. The fact that pyrazole strongly intensified the toxic effects of ethanol is due to inhibition of the enzymes involved in alcohol oxidation (Section 4.04.4.1.1). 

Antithyroid drugp or thyroid antagonists are used to treat hyperthyroidism. In addition to the antithyroid drugs, hyperthyroidism may be treated by the administration of strong iodine solutions, use of radioactive iodine (131I), or by surgical removal of some or almost all of the tiiyroid gland (subtotal thyroidectomy). 

Strong iodide solutions act by decreasing the vascularity of the thyroid gland by rapidly inhibiting the release of the thyroid hormones. Radioactive iodine is distributed within the cellular fluid and excreted. The radioactive isotope accumulates in the cells of the tiiyroid gland, where destruction of tiiyroid cells occurs without damaging other cells throughout the body. 

The thyroid is able to concentrate T against a strong electrochemical gradient. This is an energy-dependent process and is linked to the Na -K ATPase-dependent thyroidal T transporter. The ratio of iodide in thyroid to iodide in serum (T S ratio) is a reflection of the activity of this transporter. This activity is primarily controlled by TSH and ranges from 500 1 in animals chronically stimulated with TSH to 5 1 or less in hy-pophysectomized animals (no TSH). The T S ratio in humans on a normal iodine diet is about 25 1. 

Strong disturbance rof P-Ca, Na-H-CI equilibrium, Decreased protein synthesis, significant changes in protein blood fractions. Disturbance of thyroid goiter and kidney functions. Excessive content of Si Ca in milk and meat... 

Camarasa and Serra-Baldrich [94] reported allergic contact dermatitis after repeated contact with TPP-treated plastics. Meeker and Stapleton [95] indicated endocrine disruptive properties for TPP and TDCiPP, through a negative correlation with semen quality and thyroid hormone levels, respectively. Kanazawa et al. [71] associated mucosal symptoms of the sick building syndrome with high indoor exposure to TBP. These symptoms include irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat symptoms such as flushing, and mucosal symptoms such as irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat the latter symptoms were strongly associated with TBP levels in air and dust. 

After these initial steps, TIQDT was tested for its capacity to screen environmentally relevant compounds. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), l,l-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT), and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) were selected as they are usually considered to be TGFDs [52-55]. Reports concerning the effect of methyhnercury (MeHg) on thyroid function are contradictory [56-58]. Two environmentally relevant compounds with no reported effects on the thyroid system, fenoxicarb and atrazine [59, 60], were included as negative controls to assess the specificity of the assay. Our data strongly suggest that TIQDT may be... 

Figure 5-3 shows a strong matrix effect in the analysis of perchlorate (CIO4 ) by mass spectrometry. Perchlorate at a level above 18 p,g/L in drinking water is of concern because it can reduce thyroid hormone production. Standard solutions of C104 in pure water gave the upper calibration curve in Figure 5-3. The response to standard solutions with the same concentrations of CIO4 in groundwater was 15 times less, as shown in the lower curve. Reduction of the ClOj" signal is a matrix effect attributed to other anions present in the groundwater.

Dysidenin (419) has been shown to have inhibition activity of the iodide transfer in thyroid cells through a different mechanism than ouabain [332]. Dysideathiazoles (420-424) were strongly deterrent in fish-feeding experiments [326] and barbamide (426) has shown molluscicidal activity [328]. 

The prevalence of ANCA, as measured by immunofluorescence, was significantly increased in those with Graves disease (20%) compared with euthyroid controls (4.6%), as was the prevalence of specific myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA, measured by ELISA. The prevalence of ANCA was more strongly associated with propylthiouracil (RR = 7.3 Cl = 4.2,12.9) than carbimazole (RR = 2.2 Cl = 1.8, 2.8) when compared with controls, although there was still a positive association with carbimazole. ANCA positivity was not increased in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. These findings suggest that the altered immune environment associated with autoimmune thyroid disease is not itself sufficient to increase the risk of development of ANCAs, but that thionamide therapy is required the risk is higher with propylthiouracil than with carbimazole. 

In addition to the underlying disease, there are many potential susceptibility factors (499,519). There is as yet no definitive evidence that age, sex, dose, and duration of treatment play an important role in the development of thyroid disorders. However, patients with previous thyroid abnormalities are predisposed to develop more severe thyroid disease (SEDA-20, 328). The incidence of thyroid disease was not different between natural and recombinant interferon alfa. Although this should be taken into account, a previous familial or personal history of thyroid disease was generally not considered a major risk factor. Finally, only pre-treatment positivity or the development of thyroid antibodies during treatment seem to be strongly associated with the occurrence of thyroid dysfunction. 

---