Thermoplastic starch nanocomposite

Mechanical behavior. Macromolecules 34 2921-2931 Aouada FA, Mattoso LHC, Longo E (2011) A simple procedure for the preparation of laponite and thermoplastic starch nanocomposites structural, mechanical, and thermal characterizations. J Therm Comp Mat 26 109-124... 

Lin M-F, Thakur VK, Tan EJ, Lee PS (201 Ic) Dopant induced hollow BaTi03 nanostructures for apphcation in high performance capacitors. J Mater Chem 21 16500-16504 Liu Z, Zhao L, Chen M, Yu J (2011) Effect of carboxylate multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the performance of thermoplastic starch nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 83(2) 447-451 Liu J, Liu R, Jiang J, Liu X (2013a) Design and synthesis of water-soluble photosensitive a-cyclodextrin and its application in dispersing carbon nanotubes. J Appl Polym Sci 130 (4) 2588-2593... 

Bocchini. S.. Battegazzore. D., and Frache, A. (2010) Poly (butylensuccinate-co-adipate)-thermoplastic starch nanocomposite blends. Carbohydr. Polym., 82.802-808. 

Chen, B., Evans, J. R. G. (2005). Thermoplastic starch-clay nanocomposites and their characteristics. Carbohydrate PolymerSs 61 s 455 63. 

In terms of nanocomposite reinforcement of thermoplastic starch polymers there has been many exciting new developments. Dufresne [62] and Angles [63] highlight work on the use of microcrystalline whiskers of starch and cellulose as reinforcement in thermoplastic starch polymer and synthetic polymer nanocomposites. They find excellent enhancement of properties, probably due to transcrystallisation processes at the matrix/fibre interface. McGlashan [64] examine the use of nanoscale montmorillonite into thermoplastic starch/polyester blends and find excellent improvements in film blowability and tensile properties. Perhaps surprisingly McGlashan [64] also found an improvement in the clarity of the thermoplastic starch based blown films with nanocomposite addition which was attributed to disruption of large crystals. 

ANG 06] Angeller H., Molina-Boisseau S., Dole P., etal, Thermoplastic starch-waxy maize starch nanocrystals nanocomposites . Biomacromolecules, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 531-539,2006. 

CYR08] Cyras V.P., Manfredi L.B., Ton-That M.T., et al, Thysical and mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch/montmorillonite nanocomposite films . Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 55-63,2008. 

Montrorillonite (MMT) is the most popular filler used for developing thermoplastic starch (TPS)/clay nanocomposites. Nanocomposites showed a significant improvement in tensile properties compared to the pure matrix [231]. 

Mondragon et al. [250] used unmodified and modified natural mbber latex (uNRL and mNRL) to prepare thermoplastic starch/natural rubber/montmorillonite type clay (TPS/NR/Na+-MMT) nanocomposites by twin-screw extrusion. Transmission electron microscopy showed that clay nanoparticles were preferentially intercalated into the mbber phase. Elastic modulus and tensile strength of TPS/NR blends were dramatically improved as a result of mbber modification. Properties of blends were almost unaffected by the dispersion of the clay except for the TPS/ mNR blend loading 2 % MMT. This was attributed to the exfoliation of the MMT. 

In practice, the techniques of blending, compositing and nano-reinforcement are often used together. Thermoplastic starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH)/clay nanocomposites exhibited the intercalated and exfoliated structures [260]. Mont-morillonite (MMT) with three types of cation or modifier (Na", alkyl ammonium ion, and citric acid) was examined. The prepared nanocomposites with modified montmorillonite indicated a mechanical improvement in the properties, in comparison with pristine MMT. 

Liao et al. [261] reported biodegradable nanocomposites prepared from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) or acrylic acid grafted poly(lactic acid) (PLA-g-AA), titanium tetraisopropylate, and starch. Arroyo et al. [262] reported that thermoplastic starch (TPS) and polylactic acid (PLA) were compounded with natural montmorillonite (MMT). The TPS can intercalate the clay structure and that the clay was preferentially located in the TPS phase or at the blend interface. This led to an improvement in tensile modulus and strength, but a reduction in fracture toughness. 

There have been a number of studies dedicated to organically modified layered silicate reinforced completely biodegradable nanocomposites to target highly exfoliated structures. Renewable resources-based biodegradable polymers utilized so far for the preparation of nanocomposites are poly(lactic acid) (PLA) [40-68,11-15], poly(3-hydroxy butyrate) (PHB) [69,16-20] thermoplastic starch [71-77,21-25], plant oils [78-81,26-30], cellulose [82,83,30,31], etc. The following section deals with the transformation of the properties of renewable sources-based biodegradable polymers as their layered silicate nanocomposites. 

Organically Modified Layered Silicate Reinforced Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) Nanocomposites... 

This chapter reviews the general context of starch as a material. After a survey of the major sources of starch and their characteristic compositions in terms of amylase and amylopectin, the morphology of the granules and the techniques applied to disrupt them are critically examined. The use of starch for the production of polymeric materials covers the bulk of the chapter, including the major aspect of starch plasticization, the preparation and assessment of blends, the processing of thermoplastic starch (TPS), the problems associated with its degradation and the preparation of TPS composites and nanocomposites. The present and perspective applications of these biodegradable materials and the problems associated with their moisture sensitivity conclude this manuscript. 

Angellier H, Molina-Boisseau S, Lebrun L et al (2005) Processing and structiual properties of waxy maize starch nanocrystals reinforced natural rubber. Macromolecules 38 3783-3792 Angellier H, Molina-Boisseau S, Dole P et al (2006) Thermoplastic starch-waxy maize starch nanocrystals nanocomposites. Biomacromolecnles 7 531-539... 

Park HM, Li X, Jin CZ et al (2002) Preparation and properties of biodegradable thermoplastic starch/clay hybrids. Macromol Mater Eng 287 553-558 Park HM, Misra M, Drzal LT et al (2004) Green nanocomposites from cellulose acetate bioplastic and clay effect of eco-friendly triethyl citrate plasticizer. Biomacrranolecules... 

A. Kaushik, M. Singh, and G. Verma, Green nanocomposites based on thermoplastic starch and steam exploded cellulose nanofibrils from wheat straw. Carbohydr. Polym. 82(2), 337-345 (2010). 

H. Angellier, S. Molina-Boisseau, P. Dole, and A. Dufresne, Thermoplastic starch-waxy maize starch nanocrystals nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 7, 531-539 (2006). 

O.H. Arroyo, M.A. Huneault, B.D. Eavis, M.N. Bureau, Processing and properties of PLA/thermoplastic starch/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polymer Composites 31(1) (2010) 114-127. 

Chen M, Chen BQ, Evans JRG (2005) Novel thermoplastic starch-clay nanocomposite foams. Nanotechnology 16 2334—2337... 

Cobut, A., Sehaqui, H., Beiglund, L. A. (2014). Cellulose nanocomposites by melt compounding of TEMPO-treated wood fibers in thermoplastic starch matrix. 9(2), 3276-3289. 

Abstract Biodegradable thermoplastic materials offer great potential to be used in food packaging or biomedical industry. In this chapter we will present a review of the research done on starch and starch nanocomposites. In the case of nanocomposites based on starch, special attention will be given to the influence of starch nanoparticles, cellulose whiskers, zinc oxide nanorods, antioxidants, and antimicrobial inclusion on the physicochemical properties of the materials. The discussion will be focused on structural, mechanical, and barrel properties as well as on degradation, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Finally, we will discuss our perspectives on how future research should be oriented to contribute in the substitution of synthetic materials with new econanocomposites. 

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