Thermal treatment effect

It is interesting to compare the thermal-treatment effect on the secondary structure of two proteins, namely, bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and photosynthetic reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas viridis (RC). The investigation was done for three types of samples for each object-solution, LB film, and self-assembled film. Both proteins are membrane ones and are objects of numerous studies, for they play a key role in photosynthesis, providing a light-induced charge transfer through membranes—electrons in the case of RC and protons in the case of BR. 

Rincon M. E., Jimenez A., Orihuela A. and Martinez G. (2001), Thermal treatment effects in the photovoltaic conversion of spray-painted TiOa coatings sensitised by chemically deposited CdSe thin films . Solar Energy Mat. Solar Cells 70, 163-173. 

Moreover, since the catalysts are applied to function at around 700°C during the ignition step of the methane combustion process [2], the thermal treatment effect on the texture, the structure and the activity of the catalysts are investigated in this paper. 

Maccarone, E., Campisi, C., Cataldi Lupo, M.C., Fallico, B., and Nicolosi Asmundo, C. 1996. Thermal treatment effects on the red orange juice constituents. Ind. Bevande 25, 335-341. 

Han, J.M. and Ledward, D.A. 2004. High pressure/thermal treatment effects on the texture of beef muscle. Meat Science 68 347-355. 

Tosi E., Ciappini M., Re E. Lucero H. (2002). Honey thermal treatment effects on hydroxymethylfurfural content. Food Chemistry Vol. 77, pp. 71-74. 

Thermal treatment effect on structural order and conjugation in polythiophene... 

Debye-Bueche function, 178 Debye-Waller factor, 20, 24 densification aerogels, 216 process, 70 silica xerogels sound velocity, 104 thermal treatment effect, 101 density measurement, 191 deposition methods dip-coating, 66 spin, 66 detectors photodiodes, 23 scintillation, 23... 

Polyimide containing poly(ethylene oxide) is a simple and convenient way to improve the gas separation properties. The copolymers are synthesized by the reaction of dianhydride and diamines with/without amine-terminated poly(ethylene oxide). Maya el al. and Munoz et al. reported thermal treatment effect of PEO-Z)-PI copolymer on the gas permeation properties. Phase segregation of the polymer chain at higher treatment temperature to 300 °C contributed to improvement of gas permeability of the membrane. Molecular weight of poly(ethylene oxide) of 6000 was appropriate to induce microphase separation. CO2 permeability was reached from 2.3 to 24 Barrer according to the PEO composition before thermal treatment, while it was enhanced by three to ten times higher permeability after thermal treatment at 300 °C without serious reduction in permselectivity. 

Pretreatment of Suspensions. Another important aspect of soHd—Hquid separation is conditioning or pretreatment of the feed suspension to alter some important property of the suspension and improve the performance of a separator that follows. A conditioning effect is obtained using several processes such as coagulation and docculation, addition of inert filter aids, crystalliza tion, freezing, temperature or pH adjustment, thermal treatment, and aging. The first two operations are considered in more detail due to their importance and wide use. 

Some of the most common stabilization—soHdification processes are those using cement, lime, and pozzolanic materials. These materials are popular because they are very effective, plentiful, and relatively inexpensive. Other stabilization—soHdification technologies include thermoplastics, thermosetting reactive polymers, polymerization, and vitrification. Vitrification is discussed in the thermal treatment section of this article and the other stabdization—soHdification processes are discussed below. 

Wood preservatives ate appHed either from an oil system, such as creosote, petroleum solutions of pentachlorophenol, or copper naphthanate, or a water system. Oil treatments ate relatively inert with wood material, and thus, have Htde effect on mechanical properties. However, most oil treatments require simultaneous thermal treatments, which ate specifically limited in treating standards to preclude strength losses (24). 

Effect of Thermal History. Many of the impurities present in commercial copper are in concentrations above the soHd solubihty at low (eg, 300°C) temperatures. Other impurities oxidize in oxygen-bearing copper to form stable oxides at lower temperatures. Hence, because the recrystallization kinetics are influenced primarily by solute atoms in the crystal lattice, the recrystallization temperature is extremely dependent on the thermal treatment prior to cold deformation. 

Other topics recently studied by XPS include the effects of thermal treatment on the morphology and adhesion of the interface between Au and the polymer trimethylcy-clohexane-polycarbonate [2.72] the composition of the surfaces and interfaces of plasma-modified Cu-PTFE and Au-PTFE, and the surface structure and the improvement of adhesion [2.73] the influence of excimer laser irradiation of the polymer on the adhesion of metallic overlayers [2.74] and the behavior of the Co-rich binder phase of WC-Co hard metal and diamond deposition on it [2.75]. 

The combined effects of a divalent Ca counterion and thermal treatment can be seen from studies of PMMA-based ionomers [16]. In thin films of Ca-salts of this ionomer cast from methylene chloride, and having an ion content of only 0.8 mol%, the only observed deformation was a series of long, localized crazes, similar to those seen in the PMMA homopolymer. When the ionomer samples were subject to an additional heat treatment (8 h at 100°C), the induced crazes were shorter in length and shear deformation zones were present. This behavior implies that the heat treatment enhanced the formation of ionic aggregates and increased the entanglement strand density. The deformation pattern attained is rather similar to that of Na salts having an ion content of about 6 mol% hence, substitution of divalent Ca for monovalent Na permits comparable deformation modes, including some shear, to be obtained at much lower ion contents. 

Aside from ion content, a wide range of properties is available in ionomers by control of various processing variables, such as degree of conversion (neutralization), type of counterion, plasticizer content and thermal treatment. Various examples illustrating possible effects of these variables on mechanical relaxation behavior and on such mechanical properties as stiffness, strength, and time- or energy-to-fracture have been given. 

The a — 0 transformation has a large hysteresis in hydrogenated titanium alloys, and different thermal treatments change their phase content. Various degrees of metastability due to hysteresis are implicit for the alloys after different thermal treatments. Metastable phases undergo transformation to a more equilibrium state during deformation, which can effect the flow of the alloy. Below we consider the effect of the thermal pre-strain treatment on ductility on the strength of the Ti-6A1-2Zr-1.5V-lMo-rH alloys. ... 

As with most other metal and alloys systems, nickel and certain of its alloys may suffer intergranular corrosion in some circumstances. In practice, intergranular corrosion of nickel alloys is usually confined to the vicinity of welds as a result of the effects produced by the welding operation on the structure of the material in those regions. Alloys that are subjected to other similarly unfavourable thermal treatments may also become susceptible. The compositions of most commercial nickel alloys that are marketed today are. 

The main problems encountered in the investigation of tantalum- and niobium-containing fluoride and oxyfluoride complexes are related to the tendency of the compounds to undergo hydrolysis, particularly at elevated/high temperatures. In addition, the interpretations of the observed effects are often nontrivial and unclear due to the relatively complicated inter-particular interactions and changes that occur under thermal treatment. From this point of view, vibration spectroscopy methods are of high importance due to the dependence of solid phase spectra on the temperature, which, above all, stems from the nature of such inter-ionic interactions [369]. 

The subsequent steps in the production of tantalum and niobium are washing and thermal treatment of the precipitated hydroxides. For effective washing of precipitated hydroxides, Vaicenberg et al. [490] recommended the use of a 2% wt. ammonia solution that is added at a solid-liquid volumetric ratio of 1 15. It is reported that the above conditions ensure the preparation of dry hydroxides with fluorine contents of less than 2%. Sheka et al. [491] proposed precipitation with ammonia at pH = 8.7-9 (20-40°C) and the subsequent use of 0.5-10% NH4OH with a solid-liquid volumetric ratio of 1 5 for washing (re-pulping). This method enables to reduce the fluorine content in the dry hydroxides to 0.2% wt. 

Parent polyfthicnylene vinylene) has also been synthesized by an aldol precursor route [122]. In this method, 5-methyl-2-thiophenecarbaldehyde 76 is treated with a base and the monomer polymerizes yielding a precursor 77 which is soluble in water. Thermal treatment in an acidic solution at 80 nC yields the fully conjugated material. Alternatively, the solid polymer may be healed to 280 C to effect elimination of water. Fully conjugated material exhibits low conductivity (10 8 S cm"1) in its pristine stale. 

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