Phase content

The potential hquid-phase content at clinkering temperatures range from 18 to 25% and can be estimated from the oxide analysis of the raw mix. 

Special purpose and blended Portland cements are manufactured essentially by the same processes as ordinary Portland cements but have specific compositional and process differences. White cements are made from raw materials of very low iron content. This type is often difficult to bum because almost the entire Hquid phase must be furnished by calcium aluminates. As a consequence of the generally lower total Hquid-phase content, high burning-zone temperatures may be necessary. Past cooling and occasionally oil sprays are needed to maintain both quaHty and color. 

The stationary phase constitutes about 12% of the column volume, which is equivalent to only about 17% of the mobile phase content of the column. The values given in Table 2 are probably representative of most reverse phase columns but will differ significantly with extremes of pore size and pore volume. 

The starting material and shock-activated powder were mixed with 5-wt% MgO and heated for various periods. At the end of each period the phase content of the samples was determined with x-ray diffraction. In this environment it is thought that the phase is formed by a dissolution-precipitation process as shown in Fig. 7.8. As indicated in Fig. 7.9, the shock-activated silicon nitride displays substantially enhanced dissolution rates that are strongly dependent on shock pressure between 22 and 27 GPa. 

Phase-value ratio depends upon the following factors dispersed phase contents, number and size occlusion, and degree of reactivity. 

The a — 0 transformation has a large hysteresis in hydrogenated titanium alloys, and different thermal treatments change their phase content. Various degrees of metastability due to hysteresis are implicit for the alloys after different thermal treatments. Metastable phases undergo transformation to a more equilibrium state during deformation, which can effect the flow of the alloy. Below we consider the effect of the thermal pre-strain treatment on ductility on the strength of the Ti-6A1-2Zr-1.5V-lMo-rH alloys. ... 

This effect was estimated from the experimental comparison of the stress-strain properties in three sample series which were brought to different phase contents by means of heat treatment. All samples were hydrogen-alloyed to a = 0.35 at T = 1053 K, then furnace cooled. Before straining, samples of the first series were maintained at the test temperature for 0.5 h. Series 2 samples were heated to the j9-phase, T = 1163 K, for 15 min, then cooled to the test temperature and treated like series 1 samples. The phase content in the third series was equilibrated by heating to 1163 K and slow cooling to 903 K before the test temperature was fixed. 

O.N. Senkov, E.V. Konopleva, and E.G. Ponyatovsky, The effect of initial phase content and structure on workability of a hydrogen-alloyed titanium alloy, Fiz. Met. Metallovedeniye, 77 142 (1994). 

Peak type on chromatogram. The shape of the matrix peaks depends on the nature of the sample and also on the organic mobile phase content. For HPLC, since low-level detection is required, the interference of co-extract materials in the samples should be minimized. 

Our very first experiments with the reactor depicted in Figure 5.4.1 were carried out with a 15% Pt-Y-Al203 single cylindrical catalyst pellet [10-12], The acquisition time of 2D images of an axial slice at that time was about 260 s. Despite this, the first direct MRI visualization of the operation of a model gas-liquid-solid reactor has revealed the existence of large gradients of the liquid phase content within the catalyst pellet upon imbibition of liquid a-methylstyrene (AMS) under conditions... 

Chen, L. Yao, B. Cao, Y. Fan, K. 2007. Synthesis of well-ordered mesoporous titania with tunable phase content and high photoactivity. J. Phys. Chem. C 111 11849-11853. 

Fig. 4.15. DSC thermogram of tristearin showing the decrease in metastable phase content as a result of a two-day annealing process.

The effective mass of the electrons changes due to lattice strain, alloy additions, radiation damage, phase transformation, and phase content, directly relates to the ability to use electronic property measurements to assess microstructure phase stability. Electronic properties, such as thermoelectric power coefficients, resistivity and induced resistivity measurements, have a demonstrated correlation to solute and phase content, potential phase transformations, as well as residual strain. 

Phase inversion may be used as an emulsification method for systems with a very high internal phase content [130-133]. The process is illustrated in Fig. 1.7 for... 

The coal, 78% C daf, was heated in the direct introduction system of the spectrometer to the end temperature of 500 C this led to volatilization yield of the coal corresponding to its mobile phase content which was app. 30 wt % org. mat. 

Proton n.m.r. measurements of Zeeman relaxation for the same coal showed (Jurkiewicz,A., Colorado State University, personal communication, 1988) that mobile protons represent 32% of all protons. Assuming that the content of hydrogen in the mobile and immobile phases of the coal is approximately the same, the relaxation measurements indicate that the coal mobile phase content is app. 32 wt % of organic material. 

The volatilization of the coal pyrolysed in the mass spectrometer to 500 C corresponds to 30 wt % daf. This end temerature had been selected in such way that the yield of volatilization was comparable with the mobile phase content. The temperature also corresponds to a rapid decrease of volatilization. This is shown in Figure displaying the total ion current on heating the... 

Atomic force microscopy and attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy were used to study the changes occurring in the micromorphology of a single strut of flexible polyurethane foam. A mathematical model of the deformation and orientation in the rubbery phase, but which takes account of the harder domains, is presented which may be successfully used to predict the shapes of the stress-strain curves for solid polyurethane elastomers with different hard phase contents. It may also be used for low density polyethylene at different temperatures. Yield and rubber crosslink density are given as explanations of departure from ideal elastic behaviour. 17 refs. 

NaBH4 (0.01 M) and HAuCU (0.015 M) solution were added in alternate installments to a solution of isooctane/AOT (0.8 M)/Lecithin (0.4 M). Each installment increased the W o by 10. The system was taken to various W o values (from 40 to 100) by altering the aqueous phase content (to maintain the stoichiometric ratio of the reactants) and the reaction was allowed to proceed at... 

Gold nanoparticles of different shapes were synthesized in the same system with and without the use of reducing agent. The surfactants act as shape regulators due to their selective adsorption to the nanoparticle surfaces resulting in different morphologies of the nanoparticles. Size control over the capped nanoparticles was obtained by altering the aqueous phase content. More relevant information can be foimd in [55-62]. 

In general, lack of equilibrium during the pyro-processing stage and heterogeneity of composition make it impractical to calculate the phase content of fly ash from its chemical analysis. Two other factors, common to all types of fly ash, further complicate evaluation of the potential to use fly ash. One is the presence of unburnt carbon, which should preferably not exceed a few wt% the other is the presence of alkali-sulphates (see Groppo et al., 2004). When used in cementitious formulations, free... 

Paat Traksmaa (2002) studied the mineralo-gical composition of oil shale ash by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mapped changes in phase content along the slag- and ash-handling system in one of the boilers (K-3A) of EPP and also in the flue stack from the BPP. The ash was... 

Table 2. Phase content of MSWI bottom and fly ash from an Italian incinerator plant nidi a double filterint system...

Fig. 10. Internal energy changes as a function of deformation for oriented LDPE (I) and stress softened thermo-elastoplastic polyurethanes with 50% (2) and 42 % (3) hard phase content and polyether-polyester block copolymer with 48% hard phase content (4). The dotted curves 1 and 2 represent intramolecular energy changes for the corresponding polymers119 ...

Self-consistent determination of the lamellar phase content in MCM-41 using X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption and thermogravimetry... 

If the H and L phases present in HL mixtures have the same adsorption properties as those of the pure H and L phases, respectively, the fitting coefficients xc(H) and xc(L) provide the mass fraction of the H and L phases in the calcined samples. Otherwise, for instance when the pore volumes of the hexagonal phases differ, the fitting coefficients are proportional to the phase contents of H and L phases in the HL sample, as discussed in detail elsewhere [28]. It should be noted here that the lamellar phase collapses during calcination, thus losing its structural ordering [1]. So, the calcined lamellar phase is actually disordered [1,28]. 

Self-consistent Determination of the Lamellar Phase Content in MCM-41 Using X- 577 ray Diffraction, Nitrogen Adsorption and Thermogravimetry... 

Contrary to the literature (ref. 4), molybdenum promotion did not bring to a rise in the specific activity of the catalyst in our reaction conditions. In fact there were decreases in the specific reaction rates. Adding high level of molybdenum (x = 0.4) made the rate drop considerably. However the activity of the molybdenum promoted catalysts was found proportional to their metallic surface area. Moreover, it was shown (ref. 13) that this metallic surface area was a direct function of the phase content in the alloy (Mo-doped Ni A13 with a low Mo content 0.2 at %). The agglomerates issued from P seem to be the only active phase in the hydrogenation of valeronitrile. This explains why all Mo-promoted catalysts had the same intrinsic activity but also why increasing the Mo promoter level did not affect the selectivity. 

Electron microscopy further supported the hypothesis or morphological changes by demonstrating graphically the two-phase system. Electron microscopy also provided correlation of the mechanical properties with the second phase microstructure, distribution of particle size, and second phase content. 

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