Therapeutic carriers

Drug/Therapeutics Carrier/Polymer Target Ceiis/Disease... 

Nicholls, P. Liposomes — as artifical organelles, topochemical matrices, and therapeutic carrier systems, in Membrane Research, Classic Origins and Current Concepts (ed.) Muggleton Harris, A. L. p, 327, New York, Academic Press Inc. 1981 Kirby, C., Clarke, J., Gregoriadis, G. Biochem. J. 186, 591 (1980)... 

J.G. Souza, K. Dias, T.A. Pereira, D.S. Bernardi, and R.EV. Lopez, Topical delivery of ocular therapeutics Carrier systems and physical methods, / Pharm Pharmacol, 66,507-530,2014. 

Table 14.5 Selective experimental results of orthopedic therapeutic carrier...

Diagnosis, therapeutics, carriers (drugs and more), gas/metal ion absorbance... 

L. Fiume, C. Busi, A. MattioH, and G. Spiuosa, CRC Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 4, 265—284 (1988). 

Erythrocyte Entrapment of Enzymes. Erythrocytes have been used as carriers for therapeutic enzymes in the treatment of inborn errors (249). Exogenous enzymes encapsulated in erythrocytes may be useful both for dehvery of a given enzyme to the site of its intended function and for the degradation of pathologically elevated, diffusible substances in the plasma. In the use of this approach, it is important to determine that the enzyme is completely internalized without adsorption to the erythrocyte membrane. Since exposed protein on the erythrocyte surface may ehcit an immune response following repeated sensitization with enzyme loaded erythrocytes, an immunologic assessment of each potential system in animal models is required prior to human trials (250). 

Couvreur, P., Barratt, G., Fattal, E., Legrand, P. Vauthier, C. (2002). Nanocapsule technology A review. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, Vol. 19, 2, (March 2002), pp. (99-134), ISSN 0743-4863... 

One approach where the characteristics of the liposomal carrier system are well matched to the intended therapeutic application is the delivery of drugs to the MPS. Because of their particulate nature, the major route of clearance of liposomes, when administered in vivo by a variety of routes, is phagocytosis by MPS cells, especially macrophages in liver and spleen. Obviously, this "natural" fate of liposomes in vivo is an advantage if one attempts to treat diseases... 

A variety of other clinically important infections, such as brucellosis, listeriosis, salmonellosis, and various Mycobacterium infections, are of interest as these are often localized in organs rich in MPS cells. Liposome encapsulation has been demonstrated to improve therapeutic indices of several drugs in a number of infectious models. The natural avidity of macrophages for liposomes can also be exploited in the application of the vesicles as carriers of immunomodulators to activate these cells to an microbicidal, antiviral, or tumoricidal state. These studies were recently reviewed by Emmen and Storm (1987), Popescu et al. (1987), and Alving (1988). In addition to the treatment of "old" infectious diseases, the concept of MPS-directed drug delivery is of considerable interest for the therapy AIDS, possibly enabling control of human immunodeficiency virus replication in human macrophages. 

Alving, C. R. (1987). Liposomes as carriers for vaccines, in Liposomes From Biophysics to Therapeutics (M. J. Ostro, ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 195-218. 

Senior, J. (1987). Fate and behavior of liposomes in vivo A review of controlling factors, CRC Grit. Rev. Therapeut. Drug Carrier Syst, 3, 123-193. 

Numerous experimental therapeutics have shown potency in vitro however, when they are tested in vivo, they often lack significant efficacy. This is often attributed to unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties and systemic toxicity, which limit the maximum tolerated dose. These limitations can be overcome by use of drug carriers. Two general types of carrier systems have been designed drug conjugation to macromolecular carriers, such as polymers and proteins and drug encapsulation in nanocarriers, such as liposomes, polymersomes and micelles. 

Fig. 13 Left. ELP carrier N-terminally fused to a cell-penetrating peptide and C-terminally fused to a therapeutic peptide. Right Amino acid sequences for several cell-penetrating peptides (see text for details). Reprinted from [83] with permission from Elsevier, cop)mght 2010...

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