Theory-based safety

This is theory-based safety. A critical challenge, of course, is to choose the most relevant theories or principles for your company culture and purpose, and develop an appropriate and feasible mission statement that reflects the right theory. 

Based on the relevant theory of safety field, the research detail and basic organization of the paper are explained. 

Yang Yuzhong, Feng Changgen, Wu Liyun. 2008. Research on Early-warning Model for Coal Mine Safety Based on Extension Theory. China Safety Science Journal, 18(l) 40-45. 

Sun Ai-jun, LIU Mao.The Implementing Predicament of Behavior-based Safety Management Theory and Its Solution[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2009,(09). 

Popoviciu, Nicolae. 1978. Testul Hi patrat normal, unidimensional i multidimensional. Scientific Report. January. Popoviciu, Nicolae Baicu, Floarea. 2008. A risk theory based on parallel curves and risk assesement in time. CRC Press. A Balkema Book. Safety, Reliability and Risk Analysis. S. Martorell et. al. Editors. Volume 2, et al. editors. Volume 2, pag. 1027-1033. 

The origin of the Domino Theory is credited to Herbert W. Heinrich, circa 1931, who worked for Travelers Insurance. Mr. Heinrich nndertook an analysis of 75,000 accident reports by companies insnred with Travelers. This resulted in the research report titled The Origins of Accidents, which concluded that 88 percent of all accidents are caused by the unsafe acts of persons, 10 percent by unsafe physical conditions, and 2 percent are Acts of God. His analysis of 50,000 accidents showed that, in the average case, an accident resulting in the occurrence of a lost-time work injury was preceded by 329 similar accidents caused by the same unsafe act or mechanical exposure, 300 of which produced no injury and 29 resulted in minor injuries. This is sometimes referred to as Heinrich s Law. Mr. Heinrich then defined the five factors in the accident sequence, which he identified as the Domino Theory. Heinrich s work is the basis for the theory of behavior-based safety, which holds that as many as 95 percent of all workplace incidents are caused by unsafe acts. See also Accident Chain Behavior-Based Safety. 

There are a wide variety of theories and techniques under the name of behavior-based safety. Many of these approaches are not based on sound research or experience. On the other hand, this is not intended to imply there is only one correct way to implement and... 

Through the evolution of time, coupled with Heimich s accident causation theory, behaviour-based safety programmes emerged as the key to harness the imwanted outcomes or accidents. Behaviour-based safety is esserrtialfy about identifying and eliminating unsafe worker behaviours, often referred to as risk behaviours, and promoting conformity and the practice of safe work behaviorrrs or critical behaviours. 

Fang, C., Marie, F., Zio, E. Bocquet, J.C., 2012. Network theory based analysis of risk interactions in large engineering projects. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 106(1-10). 

Altirough tire title of this section is "Behavior-Based Safety Training," I hope it is dear that botir training and education are needed. First, people need to understand and believe in the theory and principles rmderlying the behavior-based approach to preventing injuries. This is commonly referred to as education. 

In this chapter, the causes of worker behavior are discussed. In theory, if we know why team members act in a certain way, we can work on and ideally change that behavior. This discussion is not about behavior-based safety systems but about basic worker behavior and how that behavior relates to safety performance. Safety statistics typically indicate that most accidents are caused by unsafe acts. Yet most companies have policies in place requiring that work be performed in a safe manner. These last two concepts appear to conflict. 

The report from this group (ACSNI 1998) addressed the broad principles upon which the evidence and reasoning of an acceptable safety case for a computer-based, safety-critical system should be based. It also discussed, but did not attempt to cover in detail, the extent to which the UK nuclear industry already accepts these principles in theory, and the extent to which they act on them in practice. It made a number of recommendations on regulatory practice, safety cases, computer system design and software engineering, standards, and research. 

The safety triangle shows that there are many orders of magnitude more unsafe acts than LTIs and fatalities. A combination of unsafe acts often results in a fatality. Addressing safety in industry should begin with the base of the triangle trying to eliminate the unsafe acts. This is simple to do, in theory, since most of the unsafe acts arise from carelessness or failure to follow procedures. In practice, reducing the number of unsafe acts requires personal commitment and safety awareness. 

The calculations, although based on reasonable theory, must be approached with caution. For practical purposes, some safety factor is recommended. 

In many cases, a product fails when the material begins to yield plastically. In a few cases, one may tolerate a small dimensional change and permit a static load that exceeds the yield strength. Actual fracture at the ultimate strength of the material would then constitute failure. The criterion for failure may be based on normal or shear stress in either case. Impact, creep and fatigue failures are the most common mode of failures. Other modes of failure include excessive elastic deflection or buckling. The actual failure mechanism may be quite complicated each failure theory is only an attempt to explain the failure mechanism for a given class of materials. In each case a safety factor is employed to eliminate failure. 

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