Theoretical ideal

A theoretical ideal fluid situation, a perfect fluid having a constant density and no viscosity, is often used in a theoretical analysis. 

Soli-, (what should be), calculated, estimated, theoretical, ideal, standard, rated, correct, predetermined, prescribed, desired. soUen, v.i. shall be, be destined, be supposed should, ought. 

Although ideal conditions are not encountered in any compression operation, the actual condition is a series of particular deviations from this. Therefore, the theoretical ideal conditions can be practically considered as the build-... 

We start with the simpler case, the signal. By investigating the behavior of the theoretical, ideal derivative, we avoid issues having to do with the different ways of an... 

Heat recovery efficiency is a consideration of major importance in the conversion of coal to secondary fuels. This parameter is defined as the percent of the heating value of the coal used which is recovered as heating value in the desired secondary fuel. Heat recovery efficiency which can be attained in a coal conversion process depends firstly on the theoretical chemical and thermodynamic requirements of the process, and secondly on the practical realization of the process. The first factor determines the theoretical maximum heat recovery efficiency that can be obtained under ideal circumstances. The second factor determines the extent to which the practical process approaches the theoretical ideal. 

All fuel cells exhibit kinetic losses that cause the electrode reactions to deviate from their theoretical ideal. This is particularly true for a direct methanol PEFC. Eliminating the need for a fuel reformer, however, makes methanol and air PEFCs an attractive alternative to PEFCs that require pure hydrogen as a fuel. The minimum performance goal for direct methanol PEFC commercialization is approximately 200 mW/cm at 0.5 to 0.6 V. 

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Gas particles have a lot of kinetic energy and constantly zip about, colliding with one another or with other objects. The picture is complicated, but scientists simplified things by making several assumptions about the behavior of gas pcirticles. These assumptions are called the postulates of the kinetic molecular theory. They apply to a theoretical ideal gas ... 

It is fortuitious that there should be so much diversity of view. The objective in a book on learning from experience is not to synthesize all the existing views and provide you with one theoretical ideal of effectiveness to emulate. Rather it is to enable you, drawing on your own experience, to become a better judge of what effectiveness means for you and your particular circumstances. The fact that the boxes accompanying the chapter reflect so mjiny diverse views of effectiveness should impel you to think through your own stance for managing effectively. 

But, just as there is no one right way to manage effectively, so there is no one right way of being effective. We each have to work out our own version of personal effectiveness. The objective, as in the previous chapter, is not to hold up theoretical ideals as to how you should be as a person, but rather to make you aware of factors that could affect your capacity to perform as effectively as you would wish. 

Theoretically, ideal quantum dot structures should possess superior lasing properties compared to higher dimensional heterostructures [4], Therefore, the idea of natural quantum-dot-like structures in GalnN/GaN/AlGaN quantum wells was quite attractive. 

The rationale for the application of GCP to the control of organic emissions was that the latter were the products of incomplete combustion. Hence, optimization of combustion conditions to approach as closely as possible the theoretical ideal of complete combustion (i.e. combustion to C02, water, etc), coupled with appropriate end-of-pipe control strategies, should lead to reductions in trace organic emissions. The US EPA recommendations for GCP fell into three categories ... 

Blackbody Radiation Engineering calculations involving thermal radiation normally employ the hemispherical blackbody emissive power as the thermal driving force analogous to temperature in the cases of conduction and convection. A blackbody is a theoretical idealization for a perfect theoretical radiator i.e., it absorbs all incident radiation without reflection and emits isotropically. In practice, soot-covered surfaces sometimes approximate blackbody behavior. Let /.V, = /. A... 

Since the symmetrical quantum state of the aether, proposed by Dirac, is not normalizable it should be considered a theoretical idealization, which can never be actually realized, although it can be approached indefinitely closely. Another such a state describes a particle with specified momentum. In this case the wave function of the particle cannot be normalized because of the uncertainty principle. By analogy, an aether that conforms to both quantum mechanics and relativity has to be an unattainable idealized state, like the perfect vacuum, or void. The real vacuum is an approximation to and more complicated than that. It is of lower symmetry and structured in such a way that particle velocities can be specified relative to the aether. To make any sense, the details of electronic motion through space, demand the presence of a structured aether. 

PEVD has been applied to deposit auxiliary phases (Na COj, NaNOj and Na SO ) for solid potenfiometric gaseous oxide (CO, NO, and SO ) sensors, as well as a yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramic phase to form composite anodes for solid oxide fuel cells. In both cases, the theoretically ideal interfacial microstructures were realized. The performances of these solid state ionic devices improved significantly. Eurthermore, in order to set the foundation for future PEVD applications, a well-defined PEVD system has been studied both thermodynamically and kinetically, indicating that PEVD shows promise for a wide range of technological applications. 

Investigations in this field have indicated that it is imperative to fabricate efficient and compatible anodes for SOFCs to minimize polarization loss and concurrently achieve long term stability. In this section, a critical review of previous studies is given and several criteria for a theoretically ideal anode are summarized. 

Fig. 29 Two dimensional schematic of the microstructure of the theoretically ideal composite anode.

According to the previous discussions, the above mentioned PEVD composite anode microstructure is largely based on PEVD s unique electro-crystallization behavior.Thus, PEVD has the capability of fabricating composite anodes to meet all the criteria for theoretically ideal anodes as illustrated in Figure 29. Furthermore, with regard to cost efficiency, PFVD is a single step process for composite anode formation. It can be conducted in situ to coat the pure metallic anodes, or even to repair damaged composite anodes for SOFCs. 

All subsequent models for selectivity behaviour are, in some way or other, disguised in equation 5.29 the reason for this being that deviations from theoretical ideal behaviour as expressed through the values of resin phase activity coefficients, or by the interaction energetics required by a mechanistic model, are equivalent statements. In other words, the fundamental causal factors which determine selectivity plus any inadequacies in our understanding are all reflected in the adopted model whether thermodynamic or molecular. 

Flow-through relief valves have traditionally been analyzed by treating the valve as a convergent noz-2ie [i 29.30] discharge coefficient (kactual mass flow rate to the theoretical ideal mass flow rate through a one-dimensional convergent nozzle of exit area equal to the nominal bore of the tested valve. Measured discharge coefficients are derated by 10% (Aidr) to specify valve capacity. 

A theoretical ideal gas is defined as a system of strictly noninteracting particles. The RDF for such a system can be obtained directly from definition (2.48). With Un= 0 for all configurations, the integrations in (2.48) become trivial and we get... 

It should be noted that for any gas with any intermolecular interactions, when p — 0, we obtain the ideal-gas behavior. For instance, the equation of state has the typical and well-known form. One should distinguish between the ideal-gas behavior of a real gas as p — 0, and a theoretical ideal gas which is a model system, where no interactions exist. Such a system does not exist however, the equation of state of such a model system is the same as the equation of state of a real system as p —> 0. 

In this section, we have seen that in the limit p —> 0, the pair correlation is (2.55). This is different from the theoretical ideal gas case obtained in section (2.5.1). There, the form of g(R) is valid for any density provided that all... 

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