Safety theoretical ideal

This chapter establishes the similarities between the principles of quahty management and the principles for the practice of safety explores the theoretical ideal for quality and safety reviews the criteria for The Malcolm... 

The theoretical ideal for safety is achieved when all risks deriving from hazards are at an acceptable level. 

A statement in Why TQM Fails and What to Do About It by Brown, Hitchcock, and Willard, with minimum modification, provides a basis for review to determine how near operations are to achieving the theoretical ideal for safety. In the following quotation, the word safety appears twice. In the first instance, it replaces TQM in the second, it replaces quality ... 

Thus, the theoretical ideal for a safety program is nothing. (Program a plan or schedule to be followed.)... 

Explore the theoretical ideal for quality management and safety management... 

The theoretical ideal is reached when quality or safety is seamlessly integrated into an organization s culture and the way it operates on a... 

Practical application of the process has been demonstrated in the company that developed it. All operations personnel at this location have had lean training. An abbreviated version of this company s process follows. It is close to the theoretical ideal. Safety and health professionals can learn from it. 

Thus, the theoretical ideal for a safety management system is nothing. 

What this company has done is an excellent example of how lean and safety can be concurrently addressed in the design process. This chapter presents an abbreviated version of the process. It is close to the theoretical ideal. Management, engineering personnel, and safety professionals can learn from it. 

Biomarkers in clinical pathology can be established on evidence that supports the performance characteristics of the test—analytical accuracy and reproducibility—and in which the use of the test is supported by toxicological, pharmacological, or physiological in vivo evidence. Some biomarkers are designed to confirm either the theoretical principle or the mechanism of action of a drug. Ideally, a biomarker should apply to all laboratory animal species, have similar diagnostic value, and be predictive for human safety the biomarker should be specific, sensitive, and minimally invasive. Unfortunately, many biochemical markers in current use are not ideal in these respects. 

Equation 4-6 is the classical theoretical relationship for long thin cylinders under external pressures. These theoretical values for collapsing pressure are based on considerations of perfect geometry and perfect uniformity in the shell material. In any actual vessel, the idealized condition cannot be obtained and it was found that the collapse of commercial tubing and pipe occured at a critical pressure, approximately 27% less than the theoretical critical pressure. Using a safety factor of 4 for equation 4-5 we obtain... 

The cost-effectiveness analysis is a well established discipline. There is, however, a gap between the theoretical cost-effectiveness analysis and the practical implementation of the tool as decisionmaking support. Ideally, the decision-maker should have a number of methods at hand. Some of these should be detailed and sophisticated and being used when a few safety measures are compared and the consequences of unfavourable decisions are severe. On the other hand we also need simplified methods to sort out some cost-effective measures from many alternatives in less complicated comparison studies or in pre-studies to more sophisticated comparisons. 

As stated in the section 1.1, the materials with one of stress, strain and speed in high performance are realized. Mechanical strength, safety and operating time prevent practical applications. Common approach considering these constraints is to prototype devices. For example, catheter for medical applications does not depend on operating time because they are only used in one operation and disposed afterwards. They came out to market while this study was conducted by spin out company of national research institute. When we started this study in 1998, we selected far-sighted approach. We assumed the time when the ideal material is developed and the above limitations will disappear. Even if these limitations are removed, there remain fundamental difficulties, which were stated in section 1.2. We decided to focus on theoretical aspect and not stick to current applications. 

The previous analysis of passive decay heat removal had been based conservatively (for safety reasons) on theoretically-determined heat losses assuming ideal manufacturing and installation of the insulation and neglecting any penetrations, disturbances and other irregularities. It predicted a maximum temperature of 740 C. Later analyses utilizing the actual heat losses gave an upper temperature of 570°C after about 20 hours. 

---