Theileria parva

Dobbelaere DA, Fernandez PC, Heussler VT (2000) Theileria parva taking control of host cell proliferation and survival mechanisms. CeU Microbiol 2 91-99 Dobbelaere DA, Rottenberg S (2003) Theileria-induced leukocyte transformation. Curr Opin Microbiol 6 377-382... 

McHardy, N. (1978). In vitro studies on the action of menoctone and other compounds on Theileria parva and T. annulata. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 72, 501-511. 

Following invasion of their host cell, several intracellular parasites remain inside the parasitophorous vacuole which may or may not fuse with lysosomes. Other pathogens, such as Rickettsia spp. Listeria monocytogenes. Shigellaflexneri, Theileria parva, Babesia bovis and Trypanosoma cruzi must leave the phagocytic vacuole and establish themselves into the cytosolic compartment to survive successfully. Obviously, disruption of the phagocytic vacuole represents a critical step in this escape process (reviewed in ref. 34). The role of a hemolysin secreted by T. cruzi amastigotes is discussed in this section. 

Shaw, M. K., Tilney, L. W. and Musoke, A. J. (1991) The entry of Theileria parva sporozoites into bovine lymphocytes evidence for MHC class I involvement. J. Cell Biol. 113 87-101. 

Guergnon J, Chaussepied M, Sopp P, Lizundia R, Moreau ME, Blumen B, Weling D, Howard CJ, Langsley G. A tumour necrosis factor alpha autocrine loop contributes to prohferation and nuclear factor-kappaB activation of Theileria parva-transformed B cells. Cell Microbiol. 2003 5 709-16. 

Connelley TK, MacHugh ND, Pelle R, Weir W, Morrison WI. Escape from CD8+ T cell response by natural variants of an immunodominant epitope from Theileria parva is predominantly due to loss of TCR recognition. J Immunol. 2011 187 5910-20. 

Latif AA, Hove T. History and critical review of Theileria parva (Boleni), the vaccine stock against Zimbabwean cattle theileriosis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2011 2 163-7. 

Hayashida K, Kajino K, Hattori M, Wallace M, Morrison I, Greene MI, Sugimoto C. MDM2 regulates a novel form of incomplete neoplastic transformation of Theileria parva infected lymphocytes. Exp Mol Pathol. 2012 pii S0014-4800(12)00122-0. doi 10.1016/ j.yexmp.2012.08.008. 

Steinaa L, Saya R, Awino E, Toye P. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes from catde immunized against Theileria parva exhibit pronounced cross-reactivity among different strain-specific epitopes of the Tpl antigen. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2012 145 571-81. 

Arbovirus transmission is enhanced by mosquito saliva. Cache Valley virus introduced into feeding sites of Aedes aegypti, Aedes triseriatus, or Culex pipiens enhances infection (108). Likewise, saliva of A. triseriatus potentiates vesicular stomatitis virus transmission (109). Tick saliva facilitates transmission of Thogoto virus (110), tick-borne encephalitis virus (111), vesicular stomatitis virus (112), Theileria parva (113), and Francisella tularensis (114). 

There are other milder forms of thederiasis that resemble the disease caused by T parva infection. They also primarily affect catde and are transmitted by ticks. Causative organisms iaclude Theileria annulata responsible for tropical thieleriasis, tropical piroplasmosis, Egyptian fever, and Mediterranean Coast fever. These affect ox, zebu, and water buffalo. Endemic areas iaclude northern Africa, southeastern Europe, the southern part of the former USSR, and Asia. Theileria mutans is the cause of benign bovine thieleriasis, Marico calf disease, and mild gad sickness. It affects ox and zebu ia Africa, Asia, southern Europe, England, the former USSR, AustraUa, and North America. 

Anaplasma. Babesia. Cowdria and Theileria. has been reviewed.ii Halo-fuginone at 1.2mg/kg p.o. in two doses, given on the first and fourth days of fever, was curative in corridor disease (T. parva lawrencei infections), though recovered animals became carriers.Ill C6 10213-GO ( ) was superior... 

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