The Testbed

WIIT is a 1 150 functional scale model of the space far-IR interferometer SPIRIT, and is designed to observe complex scenes representative of far-IR astronomical fields. It provides full Mv-plane coverage and a wide FOV, operating at visible rather than far-IR wavelengths for several practical reasons (Leisawitz et al. 2012) (a) the optical apertures and the delay line are scaled down from those intended for a far-IR instrument in proportion to the wavelength (b) a CCD detector with sensitivity 

To understand how WIIT images a wide field of view next consider a source located at an angle 6 relative to the optical axis, as illustrated in Fig. 3.12. If the angular offset is in a direction parallel to the baseline vector established by the antennas (or collector mirrors), and we define this as the x direction, then light from the off-axis source will be brought to a focus on a pixel (Xo — S, yo) with 

The spatial and spectral engines are synchronised to produce a hyperspectral scene. Basis spectra are matched with image frames where the intensity of each pixel in the frame determines how much of that basis spectrum is present in the pixel. By cycling through a complete set of frames and their corresponding basis spectra in a period of time that is short compared to the WIIT s integration time, a hyperspectral scene is produced. 

To summarise, the 1024 x 768 pixel CHIP scene corresponds to 2.30 x 1.73 arcmin FOV or approximately 85 x 64 pixels of the CCD camera. However, on the data acquisition process only the relevant CCD area is recorded to minimise the volume of data to be stored. 

The main goals of WIIT are to observe astronomically representative test scenes with a Double Fourier interferometer that is equivalent in functionality and performance to a space far-IR interferometer, and compare observed interferograms with those predicted by a high-fidelity computer model of the testbed in which error terms associated with individual hardware components are modelled and can be switched on or off. This comparison can be performed by visibility analysis. 

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For the combination of these two techniques, instead of dividing the light from the source with a beam splitter, one uses two apertures and recombines the incoming light from these two apertures. More theoretical details are given in Chap. 2, and the testbed demonstration of this technique in the Far Infrared is presented in Chap. 3. 

With Eq.2.48 one obtains a set of interferograms corresponding to an interfero-gram per baseline, this is, a spectroscopic measurement for each sampled point in the Mv-space. It must be noticed that in this situation, the concept of a spectroscopic zero path difference is not applicable anymore. For example, if the source is a binary consisting of two unresolved point sources, the interferometric phase shift will cause the separation of the two spectroscopic interferograms. This case is similar to the testbed implementation presented in the next chapter. 

Initial alignment of the testbed was achieved with a continuous wave green laser mounted on the optical axis between the beam combiner and the detector, pointing in the direction of the source. The detector position was then set to provide maximum signal with the MAL source with the spectral arm a long way from the ZPD. 

Spectrally, the MAL is a blackbody at 1800 K. The cut-on and cut-off wavenumbers are 5 cm and 33 cm respectively, and are defined by the Winston cone and the filters at the bolometer. All such relevant parameters are set in the SkySparams.xlsx file. In this case, as the testbed is set in a laboratory, the atmospheric transmission has also to be applied. 

For the three simulations shown in Figs. 5.26, 5.27 and 5.28 (single slit, double slit, and double slit with filter, respectively) it can be observed that the results are consistent both with the previous ideal simulations and with the testbed data. The residual differences have been calculated as the difference between the normalised detected spectra in the ideal case and the normalised detected spectra in the realistic... 

The Cardiff-UCL FIRI testbed can undergo improvements in the modelling of the testbed itself as well as hardware upgrades. 

Figure 3. Schematic drawing of the testbed used to characterize the sensors.

Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells, which convert incident solar radiation directly into electrical energy, today represent the most common power source for Earth-orbiting spacecraft, such as the International Space Station, where a photovoltaic engineering testbed (PET) is actually assembled on the express pallet. The solid-state photovoltaics, based on gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, or silicon, prove capable, even if to different extents and with... 

While potential attacks on all modes of transportation are of concern, the Committee on Assessment of Security Technologies for Transportation believes that the U.S. air transportation system continues to have a high priority for counterterrorism resources, both because of its economic importance and because of the intensified public perception of risk following the September 11, 2001, attacks. The air transportation system can also serve as a testbed for the development of defensive technologies and strategies that can subsequently be applied to other transportation modes. 

The work on diamond is important both from an experimental and a theoretical viewpoint. Since the carbon atoms that make up diamond are simpler to deal with theoretically, some calculations on hydrogen and muonium in diamond are considered to be more reliable than similar calculations on higher-Z materials. Thus diamond can be used as a testbed for new ideas on simple defects such as muonium or hydrogen and the associated theoretical methods. For example, the first theoretical confirmation of the BC model of Mu and the metastablility of Mu was made for diamond (Claxton et al., 1986 Estle et al., 1986 Estle et al., 1987). 

For testing purposes, testbeds can be written that execute the postconditions and invariants defined in the requirements models. These talk in terms of the abstract model s attributes, so the abstraction functions will be needed to get their values. 

We make specifications of each component again, they may already exist, or we may build them from our understanding of the components. In dire cases, this means reverseengineering models for these components, experimenting with them in testbeds. The process of formalizing the spec exposes the questions that need to be answered. 

Thus this system could provide a very instructive testbed to examine the performance of... 

The ordinary testB for quinin, as mentioned above, distinguish between that alkaloid and quinidin on the one hand, and cinchonin, cinchonidin, and cinchoni-cin on the other. 

The author s research was supported in part by NIH grants HL59956 from the NHLBI, EY12962 from the NEI, and AI44567 from the NIAID and by a grant from the National Medical Technology Testbed. 

In connection with the SHEBA project, the U.S. Department of Energy s Atmosphere Radiation Measurement (ARM) program indicated its intention to develop a Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) facility on the North Slope of Alaska. The principal focus of this program will be on atmospheric radiative transport, especially as modified by clouds (such transport impacts the growth and decay of sea ice), as well as testing, validation, and comparison of radiation transfer models in both the ice pack and Arctic coastal environment. 

The beauty of organic chemistry is that practitioners can easily make hundreds of different molecules by changing the structure of one partner in a multi-step synthesis. The problem is that the pace of synthesis can easily overrun the ability of the device engineers to test the molecules in the appropriate testbeds. Nanopores are not easy to fabricate and the yield of working devices is not very high. The development of testbeds that can be fabricated reproducibly in high yields is work that in ongoing in many labs. 

TestB Acid neutralization test. The same three field test formulations, identical in every way except for the detergent, were treated with 5 TAN of oleic acid (a weak organic acid) and titrated for TAN by method D664. In addition, the same amount of acid was added to the base oil as a reference. As shown in Table 6.7, the magnesium sulfonate did not reduce the TAN at all over the base oil case. The greatest reduction in TAN was observed with calcium phenate, but calcium sulfonate also provided a meaningful reduction in TAN. This is the same ranking as the TAN increase observed in the field test. 

It might appear that the simplest possible type of system to which ALPH might apply is a system with one lone pair only, and which does not involve a proton transfer. Reactions of a-substituted amines, or their microscopic reverse, nucleophilic additions to iminium ions, thus suggest themselves as suitable testbeds for ALPH, but the information on such systems is sparse. Stevens (1984) has studied the addition of carbon nucleophiles to tetra-hydropyridinium salts from the standpoint of utility in organic synthesis, and found a preference for axial attack, in accord with ALPH (Scheme 4). 

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