The Observation

The employee observed should be aware of the observation from time to time. Inform all employees, as part of their orientation, that planned job safety observations are a phase of the safety and health program. All employees must fully understand the reason for incidental and planned observations. 

With this in mind, there is another consideration in preparing for the planned safety observation. Should you inform the employee in advance about the observation Under certain conditions, the employee should have advance notice. 

If you want to find what an employee knows and does not know about job safety procedures, tell the employee in advance. If any unsafe practices are revealed under this condition, the supervisor can conclude that the employee does not know safety procedures. If the supervisor tells the employee in advance, he or she will learn what is known or not known about job safety procedures. 

If the employee is new, or one who has relatively little experience, tell him or her in advance. This is also true for an employee who may have experience but has never been checked using a planned safety observation. 

Do not tell the employee in advance about the observation if the objective is to learn how the employee normally does the job. When the supervisor knows that an employee understands how to do a job safely, the supervisor must then find out how the employee works when no one is observing. To detennine this, the anployee should not be told in advance about the job safety observation. Most employees work safely under the eyes of the supervisor, especially when they are told of the observation. If the employee does not show unsafe practices, the supervisor can assume that the employee usually works safely. If the same person is later observed doing some part of the job unsafely, the supervisor must believe that woilc is performed unsafely at other times. The supervisor may know that the employee can perform the job safely from past observation. From observing employees without their knowledge, the supervisor may learn that they are not putting into practice their job knowledge. 

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If this criterion is based on the maximum-likelihood principle, it leads to those parameter values that make the experimental observations appear most likely when taken as a whole. The likelihood function is defined as the joint probability of the observed values of the variables for any set of true values of the variables, model parameters, and error variances. The best estimates of the model parameters and of the true values of the measured variables are those which maximize this likelihood function with a normal distribution assumed for the experimental errors. 

These heuristics are based on observations made in many practical applications. In addition to being restricted to simple columns, the observations are based on no heat integration (i.e., all reboilers and condensers are serviced by utilities). Difficulties can arise when the heuristics are in conflict with each other, as the following example illustrates. 

A major analysis of why the world s first industrial nation has never been comfortable with industrialism . Very persuasive - Anthony Sampson in the Observer... 

It is based on the observations that the specific gravities of hydrocarbons are related to their H/C ratios (and thus to their chemical character) and that their boiling points are linked to the number of carbon atoms in their molecules. 

This is consistent with the observation that the largest difference between the oil-water interface and the free water level (FWL) occurs in the narrowest capillaries, where the capillary pressure is greatest. In the tighter reservoir rocks, which contain the narrower capillaries, the difference between the oil-water interface and the FWL is larger. 

Once production commences, data such as reservoir pressure, cumulative production, GOR, water cut and fluid contact movement are collected, and may be used to history match the simulation model. This entails adjusting the reservoir model to fit the observed data. The updated model may then be used for a more accurate prediction of future performance. This procedure is cyclic, and a full field reservoir simulation model will be updated whenever a significant amount of new data becomes available (say, every two to five years). 

No firm conclusion should be drawn from the above data, through the observed pattern deserves attention. The AE activity observed on the SH header can originate from the weld, but could be due to other causes, namely to the settlement of the hanger. Ultrasonic inspection of the weld at regular intervals checks whether any sizeable change in NDT response from the weld has taken place. 

The parameters of equivalent planar OSD are then obtained by iterative minimization of a specifie dissimilarity eriterion measuring the degree of matching between the parametric descriptions of the observed segmented Bscan image Y° = s" = n = 1,..,jV and... 

For a selected Ascan signal of the observed Bscan image, the vector x may be determined from the segmented Bscan image and the vector of complex scaling parameters a (x) is then... 

The estimated VSS and EPD allow for the observation of the tip diffraction effects (phase inversion - Atp = 180° - for the direct and mirror diffraction echoes) for all selected Ascan signals. This proves the plane nature of the OSD and confirm our initial hypothesis. 

This paper is structured as follows in section 2, we recall the statement of the forward problem. We remind the numerical model which relates the contrast function with the observed data. Then, we compare the measurements performed with the experimental probe with predictive data which come from the model. This comparison is used, firstly, to validate the forward problem. In section 4, the solution of the associated inverse problem is described through a Bayesian approach. We derive, in particular, an appropriate criteria which must be optimized in order to reconstruct simulated flaws. Some results of flaw reconstructions from simulated data are presented. These results confirm the capability of the inversion method. The section 5 ends with giving some tasks we have already thought of. 

After discretization, the observation model is given by a matrix equation ... 

It can be observed from the Figure 1 that the sensitivity of I.I. system is quite low at lower thicknesses and improves as the thicknesses increase. Further the sensitivity is low in case of as observed images compared to processed images. This can be attributed to the quantum fluctuations in the number of photons received and also to the electronic and screen noise. Integration of the images reduces this noise by a factor of N where N is the number of frames. Another observation of interest from the experiment was that if the orientation of the wires was horizontal there was a decrease in the observed sensitivity. It can be observed from the contrast response curves that the response for defect detection is better in magnified modes compared to normal mode of the II tube. Further, it can be observed that the vertical resolution is better compared to horizontal which is in line with prediction by the sensitivity curves. 

It has been demonstrated that phase contrast microtomography is feasible with a desktop (commercial) X-ray microtomographic system The observations agree well with the theoretical predictions. This opens perspectives for high resolution microtomography of light objects. 

Let us consider a diffuser G Figure la) which is illuminated with an He-Ne laser. The illuminated area is limited with a rectangular aperture A. The observation plane IToiTl, ), parallel to the reference plane n(x,y), is located at a distance D from it. 

Upon considering the observation that even with 4 segments a detectable diffracted signal was observed, most popularly employed 4 segment EMATs, with unequal spacing and 780 kHz were tried for TOFD measurements and found to be very promising. 

It is well established that GO approximation leads to aceurate results if both the source and the observation points are not close to the interface. In practice, this means that both points must be distant from the interface of at least one wavelength. This condition is always fulfilled for the source point. For the field-point, the accuracy of the solution is ensured if the above condition is completed, as shown by comparing exact and approximate results [5]. 

The function h(t) to be restored is the impulse response of the medium x(t) is the transmitted pulse measured by reflection on a perfect plane reflector, for example the interface between air and water and y(t) is the observed signal. 

Based on the observation above, we maintain that it is of great interest to be able to replace TT measurements by pulse-echo, PE, measurements. The PE technique does not have the above... 

More correctly, the regression problem involves means instead of averages in (1). Furthermore, when the criterion function is quadratic, the general (usually nonlinear) optimal solution is given by y = [p u ], i.e., the conditional mean of y given the observation u . 

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