Observations of the Membrane Surface

As an alternative to the DOTM technique to observe membrane fouling from below the membrane on the permeate side, microscopic observation may be 

The authors also showed that the initial deposition rate was nearly independent of crossflow rate, increased in proportion to the permeate velocity, and could be manipulated by changing solution or surface chemistry. Operation was above the critical flux, and the authors conclude the initial deposition was governed by permeate drag and electrostatic double-layer forces. 

50Lm h respectively. The time interval between frames is 0.1 s and the wall shear rate is 100s . In both experiments, approximately 0.06 ml (permeate) cm (membrane) was collected prior to the time these images were taken. 

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