The Nation-State Approach

What I call the nation-state approach is formulated in different ways based on how the relation between nationhood and statehood is interpreted. States can simply be defined as nations. Anthony Giddens argues that a nation exists only when a state has a unified administrative reach over the territory over which its sovereignty is claimed. In this view, units that do not have corresponding states are referred to as nations only mistakenly. To discuss their political situation, Giddens argues, some other category of description should be used. 

A nationalist account claims that nations ought to have states of their own. According to Ernest Gellner, a state is necessary to maintain a nation s official language, which supports a culture of a homogenized, impersonal, industrialized 

The nation-state approach, therefore, perceives the world as a combination of the real and potential one-to-one correspondence of states and nations. Canovan and Gellner would agree that a regional structure that has several nations within it will either become a new nation-state or will fall apart to form several nation-states, to which it may remain a supranational structure that coordinates interstate matters or takes over some of the functions of each state without significant changes to the state. If a regional structure like the European Union, for example, creates a regional identity, it comes to replace the nation-states that initially composed it. Until this happens, the constitutive states remain nations united by a supranational structure. 

Despite these positive features, however, the nation-state approach associates statehood with both nationhood and self-determination. Since international order is understood as being based on states, and since not all minority groups presently possess or can feasibly obtain a state of their own, this approach explicitly acknowledges the entitlements of only certain groups and thereby violates Cl. Defining nationhood to imply a necessary connection between nations and states leads to (1) 

In fact, even if the nation-state approach is taken as simply an account of how nations have formed historically, it is still incomplete, because it does not address those national groups that have not been completely assimilated and that make self-determination claims to this day. In my account of nationhood, I retain the three important features of the nation-state approach but disassociate statehood from nationhood, on the one hand, and from self-determination, on the other. 

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The availability and cost of fresh water that is clean enough to sustain daily life varies greatly among nations. To illustrate, daily fresh water use in the United States approaches 600 L/person, whereas in the relatively underdeveloped nations of sub-Sahara Africa it is only about 30 L. To make matters worse, for many people, water is not only scarce, it is so contaminated that it is a continuing source of diseases. 

The literary academic market is currently crowded with a range of approaches which seek to understand literary and cultural production outside the analytical frame of the nation state. There are a range of relatively new brands (postcolonialism, diaspora studies, transnationalism, world literature) which in turn draw on and reconfigure older traditions (world-systems theory, area studies, women s and ethnic studies, third world studies. 

One Other type of transnational approach which deserves brief mention is Marxism, which has been an important plank in the Bunyan historiography. Marxism is of course a form of analysis that is committed to transnationalism, yet Marxist studies of Bunyan have taken the nation state as their focus, further testimony to the powerful national impetus in Bunyan historiography. Marxist analyses hence have had little to say on Bunyan s transnational reach. Hill includes a brief section in his final chapter in his biography of Bunyan, but this is of necessity based on speculation and draws on the idea that his wide appeal must reside in his radical social message. One interesting line of investigation would be to subject Bunyan to a transnational rather than national form of Marxist analysis. ... 

Full details of this work were pubHshed (6) and the processes, or variants of them, were introduced in a number of other countries. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry continued to provide manufacturing sites, treating plasma fractionation as a normal commercial activity. In many other countries processing was undertaken by the Red Cross or blood transfusion services that emerged following Wodd War II. In these organisations plasma fractionation was part of a larger operation to provide whole blood, blood components, and speciaUst medical services on a national basis. These different approaches resulted in the development of two distinct sectors in the plasma fractionation industry ie, a commercial or for-profit sector based on paid donors and a noncommercial or not-for-profit sector based on unpaid donors. 

How do we take a future-oriented approach to research on energy and metals What criteria do we use to set research priorities Short-term projections of prices and availability of resources are poor guides to a national policy for research. It is virtually impossible to predict the course that energy prices will take over the next few years or to prognosticate political events that might affect the snpply of key minerals to the United States. The most anyone can say is that oil prices will rise and that a real threat exists to the stability of onr snpply of several key minerals. 

Xue, Q., Ashley, G., Hutchinson, C.R. and Santi, D.V. (1999) A multiplasmid approach to preparing large libraries of polyketides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 11740. 

The transportation segment of the U.S. economy relies heavily on petroleum, accounting for more than two-thirds of all the oil used in the nation [1]. More than 50% of the total petroleum consumption in the United States is imported and this percentage is projected to increase to about 60% by 2025 [2], It is clearly essential that technology options, complemented by policy approaches, to the petroleum-based transportation system be developed and successfully commercialized to transform the transportation infrastructure in the United States. 

Antioxidants should be labelled on the retail package with the specific chemical name or with the EC number. The legislation of member states of the EU is influenced by the decision taken within the EC. Some food standards are fully based on EC Directives and some are still based on national considerations. There may be differences between European states, for instance, the utilisation of ascorbic acid as antioxidant for egg products is permitted in France but prohibited in Germany. These differences concern usually the utilisation of antioxidants in various food commodities. The specification of antioxidants mentioned in EC Directives are respected by all member states. But it is still generally required that individual countries of the European Union as well as the central organisation should be approached. The requirements appearing in the EC Directives on additives must be applied by the member states. This means in the first place that for those categories of additives for which a Community positive list exists, member states may not authorise any additives which do not appear on the positive list. 

HSPD - 8 Annex 1 National Planning. Further enhances the preparedness of the United States by formally establishing a standard and comprehensive approach to national planning. 

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