Thailand, associations

ICIUM) in Thailand in 1997. Figure 2 shows a summary of the magnitude of prescribing improvement by type of intervention. The effect varied with intervention type, printed materials alone having little impact compared to the greater effects associated with supervision, audit, group process and commu-... 

Ketusinh, O. Risks associate with intravenous infusion of coconut juice. J Med Ass Thailand 1954 37(5) 249-271. 

Despite many setbacks, the two sides signed a substantial Cessation of Hostilities Agreement (CoHA) on 9 December 2002, which did finally curb the violence. Soldiers from two Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) partners, the Philippines and Thailand, joined the GAM and TNI monitoring teams to investigate breaches of the peace by either side (Reid 2005 352-3) (see figure 5.1). 

Sporadic resistance to mefloquine has been reported from many areas. At present, resistance appears to be uncommon except in regions of Southeast Asia with high rates of multidrug resistance (especially border areas of Thailand). Mefloquine resistance appears to be associated with resistance to quinine and halofantrine but not with resistance to chloroquine. 

Published in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Thailand, Cambodia, Korea, The Philippines, Indonesia, The People s Republic of China, Brunei, Laos, Malaysia, Macau and Vietnam by Springer-Verlag Singapore Pte Ltd, 1 Tannery Road, Singapore 347719, in association with Scientific Publishers Ltd. 

Vitamin A deficiency in preschool children is now rare in Thailand due to public health programs that have been implemented since the early 1970s. In rare instances, it still can be found in remote areas of northern Thailand (Was-antwisut, 2002). From 1995 to 1999, there were 39 cases of malnutrition with vitamin A deficiency reported. (It should be noted that vitamin A deficiency is usually associated with other nutritional deficiencies, especially protein-energy malnutrition.) Two of these cases are presented in this chapter. 

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations. A regional economic development association established in 1967 by five original member countries Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Brunei joined on 8 January 1984, Vietnam on 28 July 1995, Laos and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30 April 1999. 

European Automobile Manufacturers Association, the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, the Engine Manufacturers Association, and the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association. Associate members are from Canada, China, Korea, Mexico, the Philippines, South Africa and Thailand. 

An ELISA test using monoclonal antibodies against microcystin-LR has been used by Ueno (1996b) to analyze the microcy stin concentration in environmental samples from ponds, lakes, reservoirs, and rivers in Japan, Thailand, Germany, and Portugal. Although microcystins are mainly associated with freshwater cyanobacteria, these results are relevant to the analysis of microcystins and particularly nodularins in brackish water environments. 

The antisalt zealots like to point to the famous International Intersalt Study, the most comprehensive effort undertaken in this field thus far. Researchers looked at blood pressure and sodium intake in thirty-two countries. For the most part, the results revealed few links between sodium intake and hypertension in people around the world. That said, however, people in countries that had extremely high salt intake tended to have higher levels of blood pressure, while individuals with very little salt in their diets had lower levels. But these are the extremes. For most people in most countries, there was little association between salt and sodium consumption and blood pressure. And, paradoxically, people in Thailand who traditionally eat very salty diets had relatively low blood pressure levels. 

Orberger B., Lorand J.-P., Girardeau J., Mercier J.-C. C., and Pitragool S. (1995) Petrogenesis of ultramafic rocks and associated chromitites in the Nan Uttaradit ophihta, Northern Thailand. Lithos (in stampa). 

The combination of a-thalassemia with chain variants has frequently been observed w hen associated with Hb-E a well-defined clinical syndrome is present which is primarily found in Thailand (Til, T13, W5). The combination of two a-thalassemia genes (a-Thi and o-Thj) and a single Hb E gene results in a thalassemia intermedia with moderate anemia and hepatosplenomegaly. At time of birth these patients produce some 25% Hb-Bart s, Hb-A, Hb-F, and small amounts of Hb-E. At a later age the disease is characterized by the presence of an increased y chain production and a decreased chain production the hemoglobin phenotype shows some 15% Hb-E, 5-15% Hb-Bart s, and the remainder Hb-A. Hb-H i t) is hardly present as is the tetramer of the yS chain. 

T6. Thumasathit, B., Nondasuta, A., Silpisornkosol, S., Lousuebsakul, B., Unchali-pongse, P., and Mangkornkanok, M., Hydrops fetalis associated with Bart s hemoglobin in northern Thailand. J. Pediat. 73, 132-138 (1968). 

Calcium and oxalate arc closely associated with the fomiation of stones in the urinary tract. Kidney stones (renal calculi) and bladder stones are mineral deposits containing protein. They can have a diameter of a centimeter or greater. Most kidney stones (75%) are composed mainly of calcium oxalate or calcium oxalate with hydroxyapatite. Uric acid stones account for about 10% of stones xanthine stones are rare. Calcium containing kidney stones occur in fetem nations and affect about one person in 1000. The disease may occur in children, but typically occurs after rhe age of 30 and in men, Calcium biadder stones occur malniy in the children of underdeveloped countries, such as Thailand, and occur rarely in West em nations. Some kidney stones do not result in symptoms. Others may cause blood loss in the urine. Stones that obstruct the flow of urine from the kidney into the ureter result in violent pain, nausea, and vomiting. 

Artemisinin derivatives have been studied in 461 pregnant women in a prospective cohort study in Thailand over 8 years (33). Oral artesunate monotherapy was associated with a treatment failure rate of 6.6%. Artesunate and artemether were well tolerated. The rates of abortions (including 44 first-trimester exposures), stillbirths, or congenital abnormalities were 4.8%, 1.58%, and 0.8% respectively, and were not significantly different from pregnant controls. These results are reassuring, but further information is needed before the safety of artesunate in pregnancy can be confirmed. 

Ministry of Public Health. 1997. Public health calendar 1997. Nonthaburi, Thailand. Department of Hecilth, Thailand Hecilth Association. 

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