Textiles, additives Pigments

The properties of a surface are influenced by the surface groups to a very great extent. Knowledge of their existence and of their chemistry is important for many technological processes. Apart from heterogenous catalysis, surface chemistry is important in lubrication, in re-enforcement of rubber and other elastomers, in flotation, in the behavior of pigments in laquers, printing inks, and textile additives, and in many other applications. 

Use Chemicals (artificial barium sulfate, other barium salts), reagents, lubrication oil additives, boiler compounds, textile dyeing, pigments, manufacture of white leather. 

Uses Lubricant additive, emulsifier in lubricants for plastics, metals, textiles clay/pigment dispersant, rewetting agenL softener, dyeing assistant for paints, paper, textiles, and leather emulsifier, surfactant in cosmetics in food-contact textiles Regulatory FDA 21CFR 177.2800 Trade Names ChemaxHCO-16... 

Uses Emulsifier for industrial detergents, adhesives, pesticides dispersant detergent intermediate for quat. ammonium compds. strongly absorbed on textiles, paper, many metal surfs. for asphalt, cleaners, demulsifiers, metalworking, paints corrosion inhibitor for lubricant additives, oil field chems. flotation collector for sulfide ores petrol, antiicing additive pigment grinding inks, wax emulsions softener, anti-stat for syn. fabrics, textile finishes antistat in cosmetics Trade Names Crodazoline S Imidazoline S OH... 

Uses Prod, of artificial barium sulfate, other barium salts reagent (barium lake formation) lubrication oil additives boiler compounds textile dyeing pigments mfg. of white leather case hardening/heat treatment salts flux in magnesium prod. phosphoric acid purification agent... 

Phthalocyanine Dyes. In addition to their use as pigments, the phthalocyanines have found widespread appHcation as dyestuffs, eg, direct and reactive dyes, water-soluble dyes with physical or chemical binding, solvent-soluble dyes with physical or chemical binding, a2o reactive dyes, a2o nonreactive dyes, sulfur dyes, and wet dyes. The first phthalocyanine dyes were used in the early 1930s to dye textiles like cotton (qv). The water-soluble forms Hke sodium salts of copper phthalocyanine disulfonic acid. Direct Blue 86 [1330-38-7] (Cl 74180), Direct Blue 87 [1330-39-8] (Cl 74200), Acid Blue 249 [36485-85-5] (Cl 74220), and their derivatives are used to dye natural and synthetic textiles (qv), paper, and leather (qv). The sodium salt of cobalt phthalocyanine, ie. Vat Blue 29 [1328-50-3] (Cl 74140) is mostly appHed to ceUulose fibers (qv). 

Adhesives. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is used as a component in a wide variety of general-purpose adhesives to bond ceUulosic materials, such as paper and paperboard, wood textiles, some metal foils, and porous ceramic surfaces, to each other. It is also an effective binder for pigments and other finely divided powders. Both fully and partially hydrolyzed grades are used. Sensitivity to water increases with decreasing degree of hydrolysis and the addition of plasticizer. Poly(vinyl alcohol) in many appHcations is employed as an additive to other polymer systems to improve the cohesive strength, film flexibiUty, moisture resistance, and other properties. It is incorporated into a wide variety of adhesives through its use as a protective coUoid in emulsion p olymerization. 

The colorant is prepared by leaching the annatto seeds with an extractant prepared from one or more approved, food-grade materials taken from a hst that includes various solvents, edible vegetable oils and fats, and alkaline aqueous and alcohoHc solutions (46,47). Depending on the use intended, the alkaline extracts are often treated with food-grade acids to precipitate the annatto pigments, which ia turn may or may not be further purified by recrystallization from an approved solvent. Annatto extract is one of the oldest known dyes, used siace antiquity for the coloring of food, textiles, and cosmetics. It has been used ia the United States and Europe for over 100 years as a color additive for butter and cheese (48—50). 

Colour Index, and its Additions and Amendments, 3rd ed.. Society of Dyers and Colourists, London, and American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Durham, N.C. It now consists of seven volumes. The Colourindex was originally written by and for the textile industry, but pigments are receiving increasing attention. 

The process of textile print coloration can be divided into three steps. First, the colorant is appHed as pigment dispersion, dye dispersion, or dye solution from a vehicle caUed print paste or printing ink, containing in addition to the colorant such solutions or dispersions of chemicals as may be required by the colorant or textile substrate to improve and assist in dye solubUity, dispersion stabUity, pH, lubricity, hygroscopicity, rate of dye fixation to the substrate, and colorant-fiber bonding. The required viscosity characteristics of a print paste are achieved by addition of natural or synthetic thickening agents or by use of emulsions. 

In view of the immense commercial importance of phthalocyanines as pigments, it is perhaps surprising that only a few are of importance as textile dyes. This is primarily due to the size of the molecules they are too large to allow penetration into many fibres, especially the synthetic fibres polyester and polyacrylonitrile. An example of a phthalocyanine dye which may be used to dye cellulosic substrates such as cotton and paper is C. I. Direct Blue 86 (96), a disulfonated copper phthalocyanine. In addition, a few blue reactive dyes for cotton incorporate the copper phthalocyanine system as the chromophoric unit (Chapter 8). 

In addition to individuals who are occupationally exposed to 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine (see Section 5.5), there are several groups within the general population that have the potential for exposures to 3,3 -dichloro-benzidine at levels above those of the general population. These groups include individuals living in proximity to sites where 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine was produced or sites where 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine was disposed, and individuals living near one of the 32 NPL hazardous waste sites where 3,3 -dichloro-benzidine has been detected in some enviromnental media (HazDat 1998). 3,3 -Dichlorobenzidine was not detected in fish samples obtained from rivers near nine textile dyestuff manufacturers known to use 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine-based pigments (Diachenko 1979), nor were there any fish consumption advisories for 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in 1996. Therefore, recreational and subsistence fishers are not at risk. 

Barium chloride (BaCl ) is used in the manufacture of paint pigments and dyeing textiles and as an additive in oils. It is also used as a water softener. 

In pigment printing the dyestuff pigments are bound to the textile by means of a polymer binder system and no additional washing is performed however, wastewater is released from the cleaning of the equipment and machinery. 

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