Dichlorobenzidine base

Synonyms BRN 2108022 CCRIS 220 C.I. 23060 Curithane C126 DCB 4,4 -Diamino-3,3 -di-chlorobiphenyl 4,4 -Diamino-3,3 -dichlorodiphenyl Dichlorobenzidine Dichlorobenzidine base m m -Dichlorobenzidine 3,3 -Dichloro-l,r-(biphenyl)-4,4 -diamine 3,3 -Dichlorobiphenyl-4,4 -diamine 3,3 -Dichloro-4,4 -biphenyldiamine 3,3 -Dichloro-4,4 -diaminobiphenyl 3,3 -Di-chloro-4,4 -diamino(l,1-biphenyl) EINECS 202-109-0 NSC 154073 RCRA waste number U073. 

Dichloricide, see 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Dichlorman, see Dichlorvos Dichlormnlsion, see 1,2-Dichloroethane 4 -Dichlorobenzene, see 1,4 -Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene, see 1,2-Dichlorobenzene /n-Dichlorobenzene, see 1,3-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene, see 1,4 -Dichlorobenzene Dichlorobenzidine, see 3,3 -Dichlorobenzidine /n./tf-Dichlorobenzidine, see 3,3 -Dichlorobenzidine Dichlorobenzidine base, see 3,3 -Dichlorobenzidine... 

No cases of bladder tumors were found in an epidemiology study of 259 workers exposed to dry and semi-dry 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine base and hydrochloride. Cytological analyses of the urine (Papanicolaou tests) were negative. Workers were exposed to an average of less than 16 years each to 3,3 -dichloro-benzidine, which means that an adequate exposure dmation and/or the latent period following exposm-e may not have been reached for tumor expression (MacIntyre 1975). 

The metabolism of several 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine-based pigments has been studied in animal experiments to determine if they are metabolized to 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine. In a study where rats were exposed by inhalation to Pigment Yellow 17 (230 mg/m air) for 4 hours, 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine was not detected in either urine or blood during the following 14 days (Hofmann and Schmidt 1993). No detectable residues of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine were found in urine samples of hamsters administered a single dose of... 

Epidemiological and Human Dosimetry Studies. The potential for occupational exposure exists in the use of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in the synthesis of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine-based pigments for printing ink applications and to a lesser extent in paints. Workers exposed to 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine (and simultaneously to other chemicals) have complained of gastrointestinal upset, upper respiratory infection. 

According to the 1997 Directoiy of Chemical Producers (SRI 1997), only one eompany, Lomac, Ine. of Muskegon, Michigan, manufactures (that is, produees) 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine. By contrast, in 1986, there were approximately 10 suppliers of the chemical listed in the United States (NTP 1994). Current production volmnes of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine for individual companies are considered confidential business information and cannot be reported. The United States International Trade Commission (USITC 1984a) reported a 1983 production volume of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine-based dyes of over 18 million pounds in the United States. However, 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine is no longer used to manufacture dyes in the United States (CPMA 1998). Consimiption of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in the United States amoimted to 9.9 million pounds in 1987 (Hopmeier 1988). 

Imports of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine base and salts were 1.1 million poimds in 1983, while pigments derived from 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine were about 129,000 pounds in 1983 (USITC 1984b). 

Because the chemical has no agricultural or food chemical application, it is very imlikely that 3,3 -dichloro-benzidine occurs in food in general. [ C]-3,3 -Dichlorobenzidine was foimd to rapidly accumulate in bluegill sunfish as a result of their exposiue to water in which either 5 or 100 g/L of the chemical was intentionally added. Residues were distributed in both the edible and nonedible portions (Appleton and Sikka 1980). However, 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine was not detected in fish samples obtained from rivers near nine textile dyestuff manufacturers known to use 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine-based pigments (Diachenko 1979). 

NIOSH, in 1980, concluded that dming the use of benzidine-based dyes, the greatest potential for exposme would be expected to be by dermal absorption or inhalation by personnel who routinely handle dry powders (NIOSH 1980). However, EPA (1980b) has generalized that dermal absorption in the workplace is probably a minor route of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine exposure, although dermatitis has occurred in workers in plants where 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine and 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine-based pigments were manufactured. It may be that health risks with regard to 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine exposme depend on the specific operations of the individual plant and the extent of personal protective practices of the individual operator. 

Decad GM, Snyder CD. 1983. Fate of water insoluble and water soluble dichlorobenzidine based pigments in Fischer 344 rats. J Toxicol Environ Health ll(3) 455-465. 

Hofmann T, Schmidt D. 1993. Investigation of possible metabolism of pigment yellow 17, a 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine-based pigment, after inhalation exposure in rats. Arch Toxicol 67(2) 141-144. 

Figure 14.7 Proposed keto-enol tautomerism of dichlorobenzidine-based pigments, with presumed ring structures.

SYNS C.I. 23060 CURITHANE C126 DCB 4,4 -DIA DNO-3,3 -DICHLOROBIPHENYL 4,4 -DIAMINO-3,3 -DICHLORODIPHENYL 3,3 -DICHLORBENZIDIN (CZECH) 3,3 -DICHLOROBENZIDINA (SPANISH) DICHLOROBENZIDINE o,o -DICHLOROBENZIDINE 3,3 -DICHLOROBENZIDINE DICHLOROBENZIDINE BASE 3,3 -DICHLOROBIPHENYL-4,4 -DIAMINE 3,3 -DICHLORO-4,4 -BIPHENYLDIAMINE 3,3 -DICHLORO-4,4 -DIAMINOBIPHENYL 3,3 -DICHLORO-4,4 -DIAMINO(l,l-BIPHENYL) RCRA WASTE NUMBER U073... 

SYNONYMS DCS, dichlorobenzidine base, o,o -dichlorobenzidine, 3,3 -dichloro-4,4 -diaminobiphenyl. 

Synonyms/Trade Names 4,4 -Diamino-3,3 -dichlorobiphenyl Dichlorobenzidine base o,o -Dichlorobenzidine 3,3 -Dichlorobiphenyl-4,4 -diamine 3,3 -Dichloro-4,4 -biphenyldiamine 3,3 -Dichloro-4,4 -diaminobiphenyl ... 

Diamino-3,3 -dichlorodiphenyl Dichlorobenzidine 3,3 -Dichlorobenzidine o,o -Dichlorobenzidine Dichlorobenzidine base... 

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