Textile industry effluent

The O3/H2O2/UV is suitable for the treatment of dye in textile industry effluents, because the H2O2/UV process shows a slower rate of decolorization than ozonation, which is more effective in TOC removal. The combination of the two methods allows both a high rate of decolorization and TOC removal. 

The widespread use of biphenyl and methyl-substituted biphenyls as dye carriers (qv) in the textile industry has given rise to significant environmental concern because of the amount released to the environment in wastewater effluent. Although biphenyl and simple alkylbiphenyls are themselves biodegradable (48—50), the prospect of their conversion by chlorination to PCBs in the course of wastewater treatment has been a subject of environmental focus (51—53). Despite the fact that the lower chlorinated biphenyls are also fairly biodegradable (49,54,55) continued environmental concern has resulted in decreased use of biphenyl as a dye carrier (see Dyes, environmental chemistry). 

In 1980, approximately 111,000 t of synthetic organic dyestuffs were produced in the United States alone. In addition, another 13,000 t were imported. The largest consumer of these dyes is the textile industry accounting for two-thirds of the market (246). Recent estimates indicate 12% of the synthetic textile dyes used yearly are lost to waste streams during dyestuff manufacturing and textile processing operations. Approximately 20% of these losses enter the environment through effluents from wastewater treatment plants (3). 

Secondary effluent of a textile industry Textile industry reuses Spain UF-l-NF UF-l-RO... 

Gonzalvez-Zafiilla JM, Sanz-Escribano D, Lora-Garcia J et al (2008) Nanoflltration of secondary effluent for wastewater reuse in the textile industry. Desalination 222 271-279... 

Various industrial sectors related to textiles, paper, and photography use dyes of synthetic origin with a complex aromatic molecular structure, which are frequently discharged in industrial effluents. One solution to these environmental problems is to use oxidative enzymes that destroy colored compounds and that may be of practical interest for the decolorization of synthetic dyes. Enzymes such as LiPX and MnPX are involved in the decolorization of synthetic azo dyes, such as Acid Orange II. 

Vitor V, Corso CR (2008) Decolorization of textile dye by Candida albicans isolated from industrial effluents. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35 1353-1357... 

In order to determine the sources of contamination, some water samples, including wastewaters and effluents from different industries were also sampled. Along the Cinca River and in the industrial area of Monzon, industrial effluents from two different industries were selected the first one produced EPS (Expandable polystyrene) treated with flame retardants and ABS (Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), and the second one produced PVC (Polyvinyl chloride). As regards the Vero River, three industries were sampled the first one, a textile industry which produced polyester fibers treated with flame retardants, the second one produced epoxy... 

Three industries were suspected to cause the BDE-209 contamination along the Vero River the first one, a textile industry which produced polyester fibers treated with flame retardants, the second one produced epoxy resins, and the third one is focused on the polyamide polymerization. Moreover, the effluent of the industrial park at the discharge site to the Vero River was also analyzed. Analysis of industrial effluents of each industry revealed that industry focused on the polyamide polymerization is the main responsible of the BDE-209 contamination, with concentration levels around 2,600 ng/L (Table 5). Nevertheless, the two other industries also contribute in some way to the total contamination. 

Oil-grease effluent is produced in municipal sewer, petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, steel mills workshops, food-processing plants, and in the textile industry. 

Nigam, P. McMullan, G. Banat, I.M. Marchant, R. Decolourisation of effluent from the textile industry by a microbial consortium. Biotechnol. Lett. 1997, 18, 117-120. 

As Rosales and co-workers noted [48 ], vast amounts of chemical dyes (around 10 tons) are made annually worldwide [ 49]. Dye-containing effluents can make their way into runoff and wastewater, eventually settling in the soil. As these workers noted [48], with textile industries, as much as 50% of the dyes can be lost and disposed in effluents [50]. These dyes can have adverse effects on the environment and ecosystems they pollute. Previous extraction methods have had limited success in removal from soil, and a recent approach involved the use of Fenton s reagent with electrochemistry [48] testing removal of Lissamine Green (Figure 9) from a pseudo-soil matrix (kaolin). 

The same protocol could also be used to clean up an effluent form the textile industry. Figure 7 (Fig. 8 of the original) shows that the investigated triazines were retained on the MIP and the baseline was quite clean. An alternative method using conventional hydrophobic SPE produced a much worse baseline. Phenylurea herbicides were also spiked to the samples to check the selectivity of the procedure for triazines. The MIP proved selective (i.e., did not retain the phenylureas) while the traditional sorbent was not selective and also retained the phenylureas. 

Akmehmet, I. and Arslan, I., Application of photocatalytic oxidation treatment to pretreated and raw effluents from the Kraft bleaching process and textile industrial, Environ. Pollut., 103(2-3), 261-268, 1998. 

Effluents, released from textile companies, may contain dyes and auxiliaries used in the textile industry. The dyes themselves often form complex mixtures that contain considerable quantities of manufacturing precursors and by-products. However, for non-target analysis not only the large variety of compounds but also the large differences in the volatility, solubility and polarity of individual components pose problems. Most of the dyes are nonvolatile or thermally unstable. Thus, in recent years predominantly LC-MS techniques have been used for the analysis of dyes [10]. However, the combined use of LC-NMR and LC-MS offers extended possibilities which are illustrated by the analysis of an untreated waste water sample from a textile company [11],... 

Another important industrial sector investigated was the textile industry. Ten different effluent samples were collected and each wastewater was characterized by standard chemical analyses as well as by the toxicity test battery. In this case, the test species included Daphnia, Hydra and Lactuca. Toxicity endpoint values were first transformed into toxic units (TU), a quantitative expression reflecting the resulting toxic potential of all chemical contaminants present in an effluent sample. Subsequently, their PEEP values were determined (Tab. 13). 

The United States textile industry consumes over 4 billion m3 of water annually. Much of the process water is discharged together with dyes and auxiliary chemicals, plus a loss of energy in the hot effluents. Reverse osmosis... 

---