Textile dying

R. Wizinger et al. introduced other complex-forming groups into formazans [43], which ultimately led to the discovery that metallized formazans could be used for textile dying. 

Formic acid, like formaldehyde, has good disinfectant properties. It exists in honey preventing it from being spoilt easily. It is also used in textile dying and leather tanning. In addition, formic acid is a starting material in the production of fertilizers, rubbers and plastics. Plus the calcium salt of formic acid is a good softener when dissolved in water. 

G.C. Sawicki, High-Performance Antifoams for the Textile Dying Industry, in [30], p. 193. 

More than 3000 years ago, long before the discovery of the element, a bromine compound was known. Royal purple ox Tyrian purple (Figure 50.1) was a reddish violet dye that was extracted from the sea mollusk Murex hrandaris. Textile dying was performed especially in the Phoenician cities of Tyros and Sidon. The availability of the purple... 

The polymerization of 1 can be started thermically, with radicals, or by light [385,390,391]. However, since only oligomers were observed, those homopolymerizations are of academic interest only. 1 has been copolymerized with vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate [392], initiated by redox initiators in emulsion. Copolymers of this monomer are also available by hydrolysis of copolymers containing derivatives of 1-alkenylphosphonic acid, such as dichlorides [392-394] or diesters [395]. Copolymers are also described with acrylonitrile, acrylic amide, N-vinylacetamide, and N-vinylpyrrolidone they are particularly interesting for textile dying, tanning techniques and water separating membranes [396-399]. 

Taurides (or taurates), which have the same expected properties as soaps (except the sensitivity to water hardness), had been extensively used in shampoos but have been replaced by AEOS. Today, they are limitedly used in cosmetics, mainly in foam baths and toilet bars. Taurides are also used in soap bars especially designed for laundering with seawater, in agriculture, and in textile dying. 

A review of current textile dying techniques found that, in most cases, manufacturers use the same dye constituents in differing ratios to impart different colors to their products. This practice facilitates computer-assisted production control. Most textile dyers use three dyes a yellow, a red, and a blue to produce the desired effect. Although there are numerous yellow, red, and blue dyes from which to choose, an individual textile manufacturer may use only a small selection to produce the myriad hues in his product line. Thus, the ability to determine dye-constituent ratios, as well as the actual dyes used in a coloring process, is virtually essential to definitively compare dyed fibers. 

The spreading of a liquid on a solid surface is of obvious importance in a number of practical situations (paints, textile dying, metal or glasses anticorrosive coating, lubrication, gluing, treatments of plants). The underlying mechanisms are, however, only poorly understood. Recent theoretical approaches have been developed by Scriven et al.. de Gennes ... 

Uses Dispersanf corrosion inhibitor, and scale Inhibitor In industrial water treatment including cooling and boiler water treatment, sea water evaporators, textile dying, oil field in], systems, sugar evaporators, as well in all types of aq. formulation... 

Nonfood uses are in - lubricants, fuel oils, leather liquoring (- leather auxiliaries), textile dying, rubber and cosmetics. It functions mainly as disperser and emulsifier in these applications. In pharmaceuticals, it is used as emulsifier and as a source of phosphatidylcholine. 

Some specialty cationics which are not sufficiently hydrophobic for direct potentiometric titration with tetraphenylborate can be determined indirectly. An excess of sodium tetraphenylborate is added to precipitate the surfactant, which is removed by filtration. Excess tetraphenylborate ion in the filtrate is then determined by titration with thallium(I) nitrate (110). This last procedure was used for determination of the amount of a cationic surfactant fixed to cotton fibers in a textile dying bath. 

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