Tetrapropylene

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Dodecenfi(non-linear) Propylene Tetramer Tetrapropylene Chemical Formula. Ci Uu-... 

Alkylation of tetrapropylene follows over a tertiary carbenium ion, so that the benzene ring is always connected to a quaternary carbon atom (2) ... 

Tetrapropylene is manufactured from propylene (containing 50% propane) with the use of a phosphoric acid catalyst at 70-bar pressure and 200°C. Under these conditions a product mixture is obtained which has to be purified by distillation. Unconverted propane is obtained as the first fraction, followed by tripropylene which can either be sent back to the polymerization or used as motor fuel. The third fraction consists of the desired tetrapropylene. 

The mechanism of the polymerization contains ionic intermediate steps. The free H+ goes to a carbenium ion and, as shown in route B, rearranges to form tetrapropylene. It is highly likely that this actual tetrapropylene exists only in very small concentrations. The product variety is explained by the rearrangement of the carbenium ion to dodecene isomers according to route C. In addition, short-chain olefins formed by fragmentation (route D). Polymerization proceeds at almost 100% to mono olefins. Aromatics, paraffins, and diolefins exist only in trace amounts. The propylene tetramer is best characterized by its distillation range. 

TPB is produced by the reaction of tetrapropylene (see page 65) with benzene in the presence of aluminum chloride or hydrogen fluoride as catalyst. The reaction conditions for both catalysts differ insignificantly from each other. 

Catalysts like hydrogen fluoride or aluminum chloride catalyze not only the alkylation but the side reactions such as polymerization, isomerization, and disproportionation of tetrapropylene. All three side reactions are observed. In... 

Benzene (fresh or recycled) and tetrapropylene are fed in the reactor (R) over the dryer (D). The hydrogen fluoride is supplied to the reactor either from the connected settling tank (ST) or purified from the HF refining. From ST the organic phase is washed in washer W and from there it is pumped to the distillation. Here four fractions are obtained ... 

FIG. 21 Process for manufacture of tetrapropylene benzene. BC, benzene column D, dryer IC, intermediate column R, reactor RR, rerun column ST, settling tank W, wash tower. 

Investigation of the pronounced resistance of ABS to microbial degradation demonstrated that the branched alkyl chain derived from tetrapropylene was responsible for the longevity of ABS in the aquatic environment [74], Shortly after this discovery, the surfactant industry reacted and made attempts—in some countries additionally forced by legal restrictions—to provide an alternative surfactant with comparable functional properties, but with inherent biodegradability. The outcome was the introduction of LAS on the detergent market. After the switch from ABS to LAS in almost all nations in the mid 1960s, a substantial drop in the levels of ABS was observed [8],... 

TPH, acronym for hydrogenated tetrapropylene, a branched dodecane. OK, odorless kerosene. 

Fig. 12.6 Flow sheet for the hrst purihcation cycle in the Purex process (TPH is hydrogenated tetrapropylene, a commercial branched dodecane).

DODECENE Propylene Tetramer, Tetrapropylene Combustible Liquid 0 2 0... 

The demands for new alcohols were to a considerable extent satisfied by the commercialization of the oxo synthesis in the United States (1). The synthesis involves reaction of an olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to produce an aldehyde, which is reduced subsequently to a primary alcohol. From branched chain feeds such as pentene, heptene, nonene, and tetrapropylene-hexyl, isooctyl, isodecyl, and tridecyl alcohols have been made available to the plasticizer industry in large volume. These alcohols are mixtures of branched chain isomers owing to the branched nature of the olefin feed. (Oxo hexyl alcohol contains about H 1-hexanol). 

Reprocessing is based on liquid-liquid extraction for the recovery of uranium and plutonium from used nuclear fuel (PUREX process). The spent fuel is first dissolved in nitric acid. After the dissolution step and the removal of fine insoluble solids, an organic solvent composed of 30% TriButyl Phosphate (TBP) in TetraPropylene Hydrogenated (TPH) or Isopar L is used to recover both uranium and plutonium the great majority of fission products remain in the aqueous nitric acid phase. Once separated from the fission products, back-extraction combined with a reduction of Pu(I V) to Pu(III) allows plutonium to be separated from uranium these two compounds can be recycled.2... 

It thus seems that sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium tetrapropylene benzene sulfonate, and potassium octadecanoate do accelerate the thermal initiation reaction of styrene but that Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate do not although the latter is effective in accelerating thermal initiation of alkyl methacrylates (3 ). ... 

The use of sulphonation chemistry together with the availability of cost effective hydrocarbon feedstock led to the production and wide-scale use of synthetic surfactants in detergents during the 1950s. In particular, tetrapropylene benzene sulphonate rapidly replaced soap-based products in many applications because it does not react with calcium and magnesium in hard water to form scum . The benefits of this new surfactant together with an increasing consumer demand resulted in a substantial diffuse release of this substance into the environment. 

The foam generated from the use of tetrapropylene benzene sulphonate was caused by a combination of two factors. The first of these was failure of the micro-organisms in the... 

TETRAPROPYLENE see PMP750 TETRAPROPYLENEPENTAMINE see TED600 TETRAPROPYL LEAD see TED750 TETRASIPTON see TFS350 TETRASODIUM DIARSENATE see SEYIOO TETRASODIUM DIPHOSPHATE see TEE500 TETRASODIUM EDTA see EIVOOO TETRASODIUM... 

From the discussion above, it is clear that there is no evidence for catalysis of persulfate initiation in emulsion polymerization systems. However, many ionic reactions have been shown to be subject to large catalytic effects in the presence of emulsifier micelles (Fendler and Fendler, 1975) so that the question arises as to whether there are any radical reactions that are subject to micellar catalysis and whether this phenomenon plays any part in any emulsion polymerization systems, Prima fade evidence that uiicellar catalysis may be important when emulsified monomer is allowed to polymerize thermally is provided by the work of Asahara et al. (1970, 1973) who find that several emulsifiers decrease the energy of activation for thermal initiation of alkyl methacrylate and styrene, [n particular, the energy of activation for thermal initiation of styrene emulsified with sodium tetrapropylene benzene solfonate was reported as S3 kl mol. much lower than any value determined in bulk. Hui and Hamielec s value of ] IS kj tnol (1972) seems to be representative of the data available on thermal initiation in bulk. The ctmclusions of Asahara et al. are based on observations of the temperature dependence of the degree of polymerization and are open to several objections. 

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