Tertiary bioresources

Note Not all plants can be considered as a primary bioresource. Examples are plants from parks and gardens which have primarily a recreational function.They are assigned to secondary or tertiary bioresources (Chapter 7, Section 2.2.3 and Section 2.2.4).The primeval forest plants are not primary bioresources either, because they are not grown for an application-oriented purpose. The same is true for wild living and pet animals. Primary bioresources are not considered as substrates for civilization biorefineries, but for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation biorefineries. However, processing of primary bioresources should be closely connected within the system of a civilization biorefinery. 

Tertiary bioresources are also parts from virgin materials, which were separated along the chain. But compared to secondary bioresources they are residues which occur rather in small amounts at the generation place and/or are mixed with undefined firactions or... 

Another sector for generation of tertiary bioresources is the maintenance of gardens, other green areas, and special installations with vegetation. In contrast to the secondary maintenance bioresources the plant residues are not genuine and/or often partly degraded before they arrive in a utilization facility. 

To sum up, the primary bioresource for paper chain is the harvested tree respectively the tree s stem-wood. Secondary and tertiary bioresources are bark, other woody biomass, black liquor, paper production, and processing residues which are generated along the chain. If these are utilizedfor substantial or energetic purposes we have a multichain utilization. And if the quaternary postconsumer fibers from wastepapers are reused we have cascade utilization. 

Multichain use tciency (MUE) A primary bioresource additionally may deliver secondary and tertiary bioresources or tertiary bioresources which also can be utilized and deliver further products e.g., bark from trees to mulch black liquor from pulping to energy, and additionally the primary pulp to the main product, the paper. With this efficiency calculation it could be stated how much from a primary bioresource ends up in the main product and additional in other products supplied to the consumer. 

To assign bioresource type to suitable utilizations within the context of ffiiciency and in order to help to avoid misuse bioresources in terms of utilization in incident utilization pathways bioresources were categorized into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary bioresources. 

An example for the complex interrelation between primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary bioresources is shown in Figure 7.5. The paper chain is a simplified visualization of the complex processes connected with the production of a paper-containing product. Figure 7.5 focuses on the main processes connected with bioresource transformations only. Processes of pulping including specific pathways for by-product utilization, e.g., valorization of tall oil, are discussed in more detail in Chapter 3. The processes involved in paper production are described in more detail in Ref 54. A good overview on aspects related to the whole cascade is to be found in Ref. 5. The paper chain was used as an example, since paper production has historical tradition and the processes are well established today, but still have room for improvements. 

The input streams of a civilization biorfinery are tertiary and quaternary bioresources. The goal is their most complete and most fficient utilization. The approach is holistic and integrative. The process units of a civilization biorfinery form a network and are distributed over a region. 

Delivery of tertiary and quaternary bioresources Exchange of intermediates Delivery of products... 

Tertiary and quaternary bioresources are generated in all populated regions. Table 7.1 lists examples for types which occur most probably everywhere. Some are available for utilization, some have to be made available, and some could be made available in a way that they are better utilized as they are actually done. Further site-specific local bioresources may exist. 

Table 7.1 Urban secondary, tertiary, and quaternary bioresources from the private, public, and commercial sector with examples for generation periods, coiiection methods, and treatment options (examples refer to situation in Hamburg, Germany, mostly)... 

The electricity provision systems actually change from central fossil-based providers to a network of decentral providers. In Hamburg 2562 photovoltaic, 151 bioresource-based (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary bioresources fiom regional and subregional sources), 61 windpower, and 1 watercraft system are registered. ... 

In Hamburg s district of Bergedorf a strategy project was carried out focusing on bioresource inventories from the waste and wastewater sector. The study area consists of a multitude of different area structures including rural, urban, and commercial areas, making it suitable model case. The inventory was very detailed and time-consuming.Various inventory methods were applied, combined and results shown for a lot of mainly tertiary and quaternary bioresources. 

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