Quaternary bioresources

To assign bioresource type to suitable utilizations within the context of ffiiciency and in order to help to avoid misuse bioresources in terms of utilization in incident utilization pathways bioresources were categorized into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary bioresources. 

Quaternary bioresources (Figure 7.3) occur after a product was used. Quaternary bioresources can be distinguished regarding the time fimnes of their generation after start of utilization into short-, mid-, and long-term categories. They give a bioresource the potential to be used not only one time, but more often. Quaternary bioresources are the key for cascade utilizations. 

In short-term after begin of product use quaternary bioresources are generated in all cases of food and feed consumption in the form of human feces and urine and as animal excrements. Such bioresources are generated with short delay after food or feed consumption at a timescale of hours. 

With a mid-term delay the quaternary bioresources appear in days to months after begin of utilization. For example, packaging materials are only in use for the period of transport, newsprints for one time readings. 

An example for the complex interrelation between primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary bioresources is shown in Figure 7.5. The paper chain is a simplified visualization of the complex processes connected with the production of a paper-containing product. Figure 7.5 focuses on the main processes connected with bioresource transformations only. Processes of pulping including specific pathways for by-product utilization, e.g., valorization of tall oil, are discussed in more detail in Chapter 3. The processes involved in paper production are described in more detail in Ref 54. A good overview on aspects related to the whole cascade is to be found in Ref. 5. The paper chain was used as an example, since paper production has historical tradition and the processes are well established today, but still have room for improvements. 

For paper production different bioresource categories are used primary bioresources—virgin cellulose fibers from pulp mills secondary bioresources—recovered residues from paper processing industry quaternary bioresource—recovered paper fibers, e.g., wastepaper from households, industry, commerces, trade, offices, and administration. Primary, secondary, and quaternary bioresources together make around 89% of the raw... 

The input streams of a civilization biorfinery are tertiary and quaternary bioresources. The goal is their most complete and most fficient utilization. The approach is holistic and integrative. The process units of a civilization biorfinery form a network and are distributed over a region. 

Delivery of tertiary and quaternary bioresources Exchange of intermediates Delivery of products... 

Tertiary and quaternary bioresources are generated in all populated regions. Table 7.1 lists examples for types which occur most probably everywhere. Some are available for utilization, some have to be made available, and some could be made available in a way that they are better utilized as they are actually done. Further site-specific local bioresources may exist. 

Table 7.1 Urban secondary, tertiary, and quaternary bioresources from the private, public, and commercial sector with examples for generation periods, coiiection methods, and treatment options (examples refer to situation in Hamburg, Germany, mostly)... 

The electricity provision systems actually change from central fossil-based providers to a network of decentral providers. In Hamburg 2562 photovoltaic, 151 bioresource-based (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary bioresources fiom regional and subregional sources), 61 windpower, and 1 watercraft system are registered. ... 

Cascade use tdency (CUE) The consumption of a product may result in a quaternary bioresource which also can be utilized and deliver further products which again can be supplied to the consumer. With this efficiency calculation it could be stated how much from a primary bioresource ends up in any product—main product, by-products, and recycled products. 

In Hamburg s district of Bergedorf a strategy project was carried out focusing on bioresource inventories from the waste and wastewater sector. The study area consists of a multitude of different area structures including rural, urban, and commercial areas, making it suitable model case. The inventory was very detailed and time-consuming.Various inventory methods were applied, combined and results shown for a lot of mainly tertiary and quaternary bioresources. 

The various regional tertiary and quaternary bioresources generated, the actually established technical systems, and the frame conditions for upgrades as well as the demands on products lead to various very different processing chains. A principal scheme of a chain with some bioresource-depending options for technical units is shown in F re 7.7. The displayed scheme includes a process leading to an energetic product as core unit. 

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